Table 7. Muscle properties for each of the joint range of motion conditions.
Joint Range of Motion | Muscle Group | Min (m) | Max (m) | Extension (m) | FL (m) | Mass (kg) | PCSA (m2) | Tendon Length (m) |
Best Estimate | Ankle Ext | 2.115 | 2.485 | 0.371 | 0.741 | 320.44 | 0.4095 | 1.559 |
Ankle Ext Knee Flex | 2.340 | 3.462 | 1.122 | 2.245 | 400.55 | 0.1690 | 0.656 | |
Ankle Flex | 1.494 | 1.962 | 0.468 | 0.935 | 320.44 | 0.3244 | 0.793 | |
Elbow Ext | 1.802 | 2.360 | 0.558 | 1.116 | 589.89 | 0.5004 | 0.965 | |
Elbow Ext Wrist Flex | 2.104 | 3.189 | 1.086 | 2.171 | 382.34 | 0.1668 | 0.476 | |
Elbow Flex | 1.251 | 1.830 | 0.579 | 1.159 | 393.26 | 0.3213 | 0.382 | |
Elbow Flex Wrist Ext | 1.865 | 2.919 | 1.054 | 2.107 | 327.72 | 0.1473 | 0.285 | |
Hip Ext | 3.611 | 4.631 | 1.020 | 2.040 | 1922.62 | 0.8925 | 2.081 | |
Hip Ext Knee Flex | 2.419 | 3.656 | 1.238 | 2.476 | 1201.64 | 0.4597 | 0.562 | |
Hip Flex | 1.179 | 1.722 | 0.543 | 1.086 | 1281.75 | 1.1174 | 0.364 | |
Hip Flex Knee Ext | 2.620 | 4.235 | 1.616 | 3.231 | 1121.53 | 0.3287 | 0.196 | |
Knee Ext | 2.076 | 2.688 | 0.612 | 1.225 | 961.31 | 0.7433 | 1.157 | |
Knee Flex | 1.498 | 2.376 | 0.878 | 1.755 | 480.65 | 0.2593 | 0.182 | |
Shoulder Ext | 3.727 | 4.211 | 0.484 | 0.968 | 1573.05 | 1.5387 | 3.001 | |
Shoulder Ext Elbow Flex | 2.128 | 3.109 | 0.982 | 1.963 | 983.16 | 0.4743 | 0.655 | |
Shoulder Flex | 2.442 | 3.118 | 0.676 | 1.352 | 1048.70 | 0.7347 | 1.429 | |
Shoulder Flex Elbow Ext | 2.013 | 3.284 | 1.271 | 2.542 | 819.30 | 0.3053 | 0.107 | |
Wrist Ext | 1.522 | 2.004 | 0.482 | 0.963 | 262.18 | 0.2577 | 0.800 | |
Wrist Flex | 1.348 | 2.009 | 0.661 | 1.322 | 174.78 | 0.1252 | 0.357 | |
Elephant Functional | Ankle Ext | 2.115 | 2.343 | 0.228 | 0.455 | 320.44 | 0.6666 | 1.774 |
Ankle Ext Knee Flex | 2.685 | 3.259 | 0.574 | 1.147 | 400.55 | 0.3307 | 1.825 | |
Ankle Flex | 1.692 | 1.962 | 0.269 | 0.538 | 320.44 | 0.5636 | 1.289 | |
Elbow Ext | 1.905 | 2.112 | 0.206 | 0.413 | 589.89 | 1.3542 | 1.596 | |
Elbow Ext Wrist Flex | 2.090 | 2.820 | 0.731 | 1.461 | 382.34 | 0.2478 | 0.994 | |
Elbow Flex | 1.469 | 1.750 | 0.281 | 0.561 | 393.26 | 0.6634 | 1.048 | |
Elbow Flex Wrist Ext | 2.340 | 2.941 | 0.601 | 1.202 | 327.72 | 0.2583 | 1.439 | |
Hip Ext | 3.611 | 4.141 | 0.530 | 1.059 | 1922.62 | 1.7190 | 2.817 | |
Hip Ext Knee Flex | 2.677 | 3.359 | 0.682 | 1.364 | 1201.64 | 0.8343 | 1.654 | |
Hip Flex | 1.496 | 1.722 | 0.226 | 0.452 | 1281.75 | 2.6825 | 1.157 | |
Hip Flex Knee Ext | 3.366 | 3.959 | 0.593 | 1.187 | 1121.53 | 0.8950 | 2.476 | |
Knee Ext | 2.137 | 2.413 | 0.276 | 0.552 | 961.31 | 1.6492 | 1.723 | |
Knee Flex | 1.947 | 2.316 | 0.369 | 0.739 | 480.65 | 0.6161 | 1.393 | |
Shoulder Ext | 3.754 | 3.996 | 0.242 | 0.484 | 1573.05 | 3.0764 | 3.390 | |
Shoulder Ext Elbow Flex | 2.343 | 2.838 | 0.495 | 0.990 | 983.16 | 0.9400 | 1.600 | |
Shoulder Flex | 2.753 | 3.090 | 0.337 | 0.674 | 1048.70 | 1.4727 | 2.247 | |
Shoulder Flex Elbow Ext | 2.521 | 3.008 | 0.487 | 0.974 | 819.30 | 0.7962 | 1.790 | |
Wrist Ext | 1.659 | 2.084 | 0.425 | 0.850 | 262.18 | 0.2922 | 1.022 | |
Wrist Flex | 1.273 | 1.879 | 0.606 | 1.213 | 174.78 | 0.1365 | 0.363 | |
Restricted Ankle | Ankle Ext | 2.002 | 2.172 | 0.170 | 0.340 | 320.44 | 0.8914 | 1.746 |
Ankle Ext Knee Flex | 2.640 | 3.175 | 0.535 | 1.069 | 400.55 | 0.3547 | 1.838 | |
Ankle Flex | 1.904 | 2.055 | 0.151 | 0.301 | 320.44 | 1.0067 | 1.678 | |
Elbow Ext | 1.764 | 2.092 | 0.328 | 0.657 | 589.89 | 0.8508 | 1.272 | |
Elbow Ext Wrist Flex | 2.343 | 2.750 | 0.407 | 0.814 | 382.34 | 0.4445 | 1.732 | |
Elbow Flex | 1.501 | 1.854 | 0.353 | 0.707 | 393.26 | 0.5268 | 0.970 | |
Elbow Flex Wrist Ext | 2.403 | 2.757 | 0.354 | 0.709 | 327.72 | 0.4378 | 1.871 | |
Hip Ext | 3.611 | 4.377 | 0.766 | 1.531 | 1922.62 | 1.1888 | 2.462 | |
Hip Ext Knee Flex | 2.755 | 3.544 | 0.789 | 1.578 | 1201.64 | 0.7212 | 1.572 | |
Hip Flex | 1.364 | 1.722 | 0.358 | 0.717 | 1281.75 | 1.6939 | 0.826 | |
Hip Flex Knee Ext | 3.009 | 3.909 | 0.901 | 1.801 | 1121.53 | 0.5896 | 1.658 | |
Knee Ext | 2.041 | 2.363 | 0.323 | 0.645 | 961.31 | 1.4103 | 1.557 | |
Knee Flex | 2.027 | 2.406 | 0.379 | 0.759 | 480.65 | 0.6001 | 1.458 | |
Shoulder Ext | 3.700 | 4.022 | 0.323 | 0.645 | 1573.05 | 2.3085 | 3.216 | |
Shoulder Ext Elbow Flex | 2.307 | 2.963 | 0.656 | 1.312 | 983.16 | 0.7095 | 1.323 | |
Shoulder Flex | 2.711 | 3.146 | 0.435 | 0.870 | 1048.70 | 1.1415 | 2.058 | |
Shoulder Flex Elbow Ext | 2.343 | 3.044 | 0.701 | 1.401 | 819.30 | 0.5538 | 1.292 | |
Wrist Ext | 1.700 | 1.822 | 0.122 | 0.244 | 262.18 | 1.0178 | 1.517 | |
Wrist Flex | 1.632 | 1.825 | 0.193 | 0.386 | 174.78 | 0.4288 | 1.343 |