Fig. 5.

(A) Measured (I–III) and calculated (asterisks) modulus of elasticity, (B) proportional contribution of individual layers to overall flexural and axial rigidity (mean with SD) and (C) maximum tensile strength and breaking force (hatched) of the whole structure and single tissue layers of peduncles of M. sylvestris (type 1, from left to right). Central boxes represent the 25th and 75th percentiles with the median (line) and mean (squares). Whiskers indicate the 10th and 90th percentiles, and outliers are shown as circles. Abbreviations: c, collenchyma; cp, cortical parenchyma; e, epidermis; fb, fibres; p, phloem; pp, pith parenchyma; scl, sclereids; x, xylem.