Table 1.
Sample characteristics at baseline and follow-up. Values displayed as means (standard deviation) or percentages.
| Baseline (n=980)a | Baseline (n=626)b | Follow-up (n=626) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic variables | |||
| Age (years) | 66.7 (11.0) | 66.0 (10.2) | 71.0 (10.1) |
| Sex (% male) | 81.5% | 82.1% | 82.1% |
| Ethnicity (% Caucasian) | 60.8% | 60.5% | 60.5% |
| Education (% with high graduate or higher) | 87.2% | 88.0% | 88.0% |
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 28.4 (5.4) | 25.6 (5.2) | 28.6 (5.5) |
| History of regular snoring (% yes) | 18.6% | 20.8% | 20.8% |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Hypertension | 70.5% | 68.7% | 74.9% |
| Myocardial infarction | 53.8% | 52.7% | 49.6% |
| Congestive heart failure | 17.7% | 15.1% | 18.7% |
| Type 2 diabetes | 26.4% | 23.5% | 29.0% |
| Stroke | 14.1% | 12.3% | 15.5% |
| Medication History | |||
| Beta blockers | 57.3% | 57.1% | 57.1% |
| Statins | 64.3% | 69.3% | 69.3% |
| ACE/ARBs (angiotensin) | 51.3% | 50.4% | 50.4% |
| Antidepressants | 18.5% | 16.0% | 16.0% |
| Benzodiazepines | 8.1% | 8.0% | 8.0% |
| OC/HT (women) | 0.4% | 0.6% | 0.6% |
| Cardiac function | |||
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 133.0 (21.1) | 132.6 (20.4) | 136.5 (19.9) |
| Resting LVEF | 0.62 (0.10) | 0.62 (0.10) | 0.62 (0.11) |
| Lifestyle/psychosocial variables | |||
| Regular alcohol use | 29.1% | 30.3% | 28.2% |
| Current smoking | 19.9% | 16.8% | 14.8% |
| Physically active | 33.1% | 36.1% | 36.1% |
| CES-D depression score | 7.5 (5.5) | 7.1 (5.5) | 7.0 (5.1) |
| Sleep Measures | |||
| PSQI subjective sleep quality | 1.8 (1.1) | 1.8 (1.1) | 1.9 (1.2) |
| (0–4; very good to very poor) | |||
| Difficulty falling asleepc | 36.0% | 31.8% | --- |
| Frequent awakeningsc | 79.5% | 78.7% | --- |
| Waking too earlyc | 44.9% | 42.3% | --- |
| Biomarkers | |||
| Interleukin-6 (pg/mL), median (IQR)d | 2.62 (1.62–4.20) | 2.36 (1.48–3.65) | 3.22 (2.17–5.46) |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L), median (IQR)d | 2.27 (0.92–4.96) | 1.96 (0.79–4.05) | 1.41 (0.67–3.59) |
| Fibrinogen (mg/dL) | 392.3 (90.4) | 384.2 (83.7) | 374.2 (85.9) |
a
all available;
b
participants with baseline and follow-up data;
c
not measured a follow-up;
d
interquartile range (IQR)
Angiotensin converting enzyme/angiotensin II receptor blocker (ACE/ARB); Oral contraceptive/hormone replacement therapy (OR/HT); Blood pressure (BP); Left ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF); Center for Epidemiologic Studies of Depression Scale (CES-D); Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)