Table 4.
Electrocardiographic Findings and Abnormalities by Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor Status in 9,479 HCHS/SOL Female Participantsa
ECG Findings | No CVD Risk Factors | 1 or 2 CVD Risk Factorsb | 3+CVD Risk Factorsb | Prevalent CVDb | p-Trendc |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Heart rate (bpm) | 62.2 | 63.7 *** | 67.3 *** | 65.3 *** | <.0001 |
PR duration (ms) | 152.4 | 153.4 | 154.0 | 154.5 | 0.0698 |
QRS duration (ms) | 87.2 | 88.4 ** | 90.0 *** | 90.5 *** | <.0001 |
QT duration (ms) | 418.8 | 419.6 | 414.0 *** | 419.3 | 0.1232 |
QTc duration (ms) | 426.1 | 434.5 *** | 448.5 *** | 441.0 *** | <.0001 |
QT index (calculated)d | 103.09 | 104.28 *** | 105.04 *** | 105.02 *** | <.0001 |
Major Minnesota Code Abnormalities | |||||
Major Q wave abnormalities (MC 1.1, 1.2) | 0.44 | 1.10 | 3.15 | 4.62 *** | 0.0004 |
Minor Q wave plus major ST-T abnormalities (MC 1.3 + (4.1 or 4.2 or 5.1 or 5.2) | 0.20 | 0.19 | 0.59 | 1.98 | 0.0311 |
Major isolated ST-T abnormalities (MC 4.1 or 4.2 or 5.1 or 5.2) | 3.47 | 2.89 | 3.84 | 9.97 *** | 0.0019 |
Left ventricular hypertrophy w/ major ST-T abn (MC 3.1 or 3.4) + (4.1 or 4.2 or 5.1 or 5.2) | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.50 | 1.38 * | 0.0022 |
Atrial fibrillation/flutter (MC 8.3) | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.15 | 0.2003 |
Ventricular conduction defects (MC 7.1, 7.2, 7.4, 7.8) | 1.43 | 1.07 | 1.69 | 1.64 | 0.7409 |
Complete/intermittent LBBB (MC 7.1) | 0.29 | 0.27 | 0.07 | 0.14 | 0.4879 |
Complete/intermittent RBBB (MC 7.2) | 0.96 | 0.44 | 0.89 | 0.92 | 0.7967 |
Nonspecific IVCD (MC 7.4) | 0.16 | 0.35 | 0.68 | 0.48 | 0.0509 |
Complete/intermittent RBBB with left anterior hemiblock (MC 7.8) | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.3363 |
Major AV conduction abnormalities (MC 6.1, 6.2) | 0.00 | −0.00 | −0.00 | 0.08 | 0.3180 |
WPW (MC 6.4) | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.01 | −0.01 | 0.8285 |
Major QT prolongation index (QTI ≥ 116 or JTI if QRS ≥120)d | 0.21 | 0.49 * | 0.55 | 2.24 * | 0.0041 |
Other major arrhythmias (MC 8.2, 8.4.2 or 8.4.1 w/ HR ≥ 140) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | . |
Artificial pacemaker (MC 6.8) | 0.00 | −0.00 | −0.01 | 0.40 | 0.1599 |
Any major ECG abnormality | 5.40 | 5.23 | 9.04 * | 16.71 *** | <.0001 |
Minor Minnesota Code Abnormalities | |||||
Minor isolated Q waves (MC 1.3) | 3.10 | 6.71 *** | 7.75 *** | 6.30 * | 0.0003 |
Minor isolated ST, T abnormalities (MC 4.3, 4.4, 5.3, 5.4) | 4.60 | 6.07 | 9.34 *** | 11.37 ** | <.0001 |
Tall R waves left (MC 3.1, 3.3, 3.4) | 1.42 | 2.85 ** | 5.99 ** | 5.47 * | 0.0002 |
Low voltage (MC 9.1) | 2.37 | 2.51 | 1.90 | 3.62 | 0.6496 |
Tall R wave right (MC 3.2) | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.12 | 0.7051 |
ST elevation (MC 9.2) | 0.78 | 1.75 * | 1.33 | 2.43 | 0.0661 |
ST elevation (MC 9.2): Anterior leads | 0.50 | 0.91 | 0.49 | 1.47 | 0.3335 |
ST elevation (MC 9.2): Lateral leads | 0.15 | 0.84 * | 0.31 | 0.72 | 0.1550 |
ST elevation (MC 9.2): Inferior leads | 0.35 | 0.55 | 1.01 | 0.53 | 0.1745 |
Incomplete RBBB (MC 7.3) | 1.96 | 1.58 | 1.98 | 3.34 | 0.5479 |
Left axis deviation (MC 2.1) | 1.16 | 1.16 | 2.36 | 0.18 | 0.8717 |
Right axis deviation (MC 2.2) | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.00 | −0.00 | 0.3204 |
Minor QT prolongation index (QTI ≥ 112 < 116 or JTI if QRS ≥ 120)d | 1.87 | 2.62 | 3.10 | 3.10 | 0.1880 |
Frequent VPB 9 (MC 8.1.2, 8.1.3,8.1.5) | 0.50 | 0.46 | 0.09 | 1.92 | 0.4156 |
Sinus bradycardia (MC 8.8) | 4.82 | 4.38 | 2.13 ** | 3.13 | 0.0165 |
Other minor abnormalities (MC 6.3,6.5,8.1.1,8.1.4,8.4.1,8.7,9.3.) | 6.99 | 6.10 | 7.00 | 9.45 | 0.3870 |
Abbreviations: ECG, electrocardiogram; CVD, cardiovascular disease; LBBB, left bundle branch block; RBBB, right bundle branch block; IVCD, intraventricular conduction delay; VPB, ventricular premature beats.
All values (except numbers of persons in headings) weighted for study design and non-response with use of SURVEY versions of SAS procedures. Numbers are age-adjusted means for continuous variables or prevalences (percents) of the indicated abnormality within each of the CVD risk factor groups.
*, **, *** for 0.05, 0.01, 0.001 significance level for comparison with No CVD Risk Group.
Age-adjusted p-value for trend from ordinal risk factor group variable in PROC SURVEYREG model.
QT Index = (QT Duration/656) * (Heart Rate + 100) unless QRS duration > 120: then QT Index = ((QT dur - QRS dur) / 518) * (Heart Rate + 100).