Table 5.

Simulating Randomized Trials

Conditions for Treatment	Time of Randomization	Comparison	Mean Est	SD Est	Mean SE
Randomized Trial A: Simple Randomization at Baseline
At risk at:
baseline	baseline	No Treatment	−1.104	0.091	0.085
3 years	baseline	No Treatment	−0.869	0.085	0.081
6 years	baseline	No Treatment	−0.443	0.074	0.073
Randomized Trial B: SADT by Indication v’s no SADT
Pos. slope & PSA above:	First time PSA above:
1	1	No Treatment	−1.332	0.073	0.072
2	2	No Treatment	−1.374	0.071	0.073
3	3	No Treatment	−1.397	0.081	0.075
Randomized Trial C: Early v’s Late SADT
Pos. slope & PSA above:	First time PSA above:	Treatment when PSA above:
1	1	2	−0.340	0.081	0.080
1	1	3	−0.689	0.076	0.077
2	2	3	−0.520	0.076	0.078
2	2	4	−0.825	0.073	0.076
Randomized Trial D: Immediate v’s SADT by Indication
At risk at:		Treatment when PSA above:
baseline	baseline	1	−0.103	0.103	0.100
baseline	baseline	2	−0.374	0.099	0.095
baseline	baseline	3	−0.644	0.097	0.091