Table 3.
Multivariate linear regression models for bisphenol-A and ratio of bisphenol-A to creatinine level in relation to log-transformed indices of glucose homeostasis, stratified by sex (n=1473) a
| Fasting glucose | Fasting insulin | HOMA-β | HOMA-IR | QUICKI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| Overall – Bisphenol-A | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) |
| Bisphenol-A [continuous]: | n=1473 | n=1473 | n=1469 | n=1473 | n=1457 |
| 0.005 (−0.009, 0.02) | 0.02 (−0.04, 0.08) | 0.02 (−0.04, 0.09) | 0.03 (−0.04, 0.09) | −0.0003 (−0.003,0.003 | |
| Bisphenol-A [categorical]: | Ptrend=0.12 | Ptrend=0.27 | Ptrend=0.35 | Ptrend=0.16 | Ptrend=0.99 |
| Q1: 0.3-<1.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Q2: 1.0-<2.0 | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.02) | 0.02 (−0.1, 0.2) | 0.009 (−0.2, 0.2) | 0.008 (−0.17, 0.19) | −0.008 (−0.02, 0.002) |
| Q3: 2.0-<3.7 | 0.02 (−0.01, 0.05) | 0.2 (0.09, 0.3) | 0.2 (0.08, 0.4) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.4) | −0.006 (−0.02, 0.003) |
| Q4: ≥ 3.7 | 0.02 (−0.02, 0.07) | 0.04 (−0.1, 0.2) | 0.03 (−0.17, 0.22) | 0.06 (−0.1, 0.2) | −0.001 (−0.01, 0.009) |
|
| |||||
| Overall – Ratio of bisphenol-A to creatinine | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) |
|
| |||||
| Bisphenol-A [continuous]: | n=1473 | n=1473 | n=1469 | n=1473 | n=1457 |
| 0.005 (−0.009, 0.02) | 0.9 (0.5, 1.6) | 0.01 (−0.05, 0.08) | 0.02 (−0.05, 0.08) | 0.0005 (−0.003, 0.004 | |
| Bisphenol-A [categorical]: | Ptrend=0.06 | Ptrend=0.32 | Ptrend=0.38 | Ptrend=0.18 | Ptrend=0.81 |
| Q1: 0.001-<0.01 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Q2: 0.01-<0.02 | 0.0005 (−0.02, 0.02) | 0.06 (−0.06, 0.2) | 0.09 (−0.06, 0.2) | 0.07 (−0.07, 0.2) | −0.003 (−0.01, 0.004) |
| Q3: 0.02-<0.03 | 0.03 (−0.02, 0.07) | 0.03 (−0.1, 0.2) | 0.8 (−0.1, 0.2) | 0.05 (−0.1, 0.2) | −0.001 (−0.009, 0.006 |
| Q4: ≥ 0.03 | 0.02 (−0.05, 0.05) | 0.08 (−0.05, 0.2) | 0.09 (−0.07, 0.3) | 0.1 (−0.03, 0.2) | 0.00009 (−0.007, 0.008 |
|
| |||||
| Males – Bisphenol-A | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) |
|
| |||||
| Bisphenol-A [continuous]: | n=733 | n=733 | n=733 | n=733 | n=727 |
| 0.005 (−0.01, 0.02) | 0.044 (−0.02, 0.1) | 0.04 (−0.03, 0.1) | 0.05 (−0.02, 0.12) | −0.0009 (−0.005, 0.003 | |
| Bisphenol-A [categorical]: | Ptrend=0.23 | Ptrend=0.13 | Ptrend=0.23 | Ptrend=0.09 | Ptrend=0.92 |
| Q1: 0.3-<1.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Q2: 1.0-<2.0 | −0.009 (−0.07, 0.05) | 0.1 (−0.04, 0.3) | 0.1 (−0.06, 0.3) | 0.09 (−0.08, 0.3) | −0.006 (−0.02, 0.005) |
| Q3: 2.0-<3.7 | 0.02 (−0.04, 0.08) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.5) | 0.4 (0.2, 0.5) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.5) | −0.007 (−0.02, 0.006) |
| Q4: ≥ 3.7 | 0.03 (−0.04, 0.09) | 0.1 (−0.08, 0.3) | 0.09 (−0.1, 0.3) | 0.2 (−0.1, 0.5) | −0.0004 (−0.01, 0.01) |
|
| |||||
| Males – Ratio of bisphenol-A to creatinine | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) |
|
| |||||
| Bisphenol-A [continuous]: | n=733 | n=733 | n=733 | n=733 | n=727 |
| 0.003 (−0.02, 0.02) | 0.05 (−0.02, 0.1) | 0.05 (−0.03, 0.1) | 0.05 (−0.02, 0.12) | −0.001 (−0.006, 0.003 | |
| Bisphenol-A [categorical]: | Ptrend=0.09 | Ptrend=0.18 | Ptrend=0.35 | Ptrend=0.11 | Ptrend=0.92 |
| Q1: 0.001-<0.01 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Q2: 0.01-<0.02 | −0.009 (−0.05, 0.03) | 0.05 (−0.1, 0.2) | 0.07 (−0.1, 0.2) | 0.04 (−0.14, 0.21) | −0.002 (−0.01, 0.007) |
| Q3: 0.02-<0.03 | 0.02 (−0.02, 0.07) | 0.1 (−0.04, 0.3) | 0.1 (−0.05, 0.3) | 0.14 (−0.03, 0.32) | −0.0003 (−0.009, 0.009 |
| Q4: ≥ 0.03 | 0.03 (−0.01, 0.06) | 0.1 (−0.09, 0.3) | 0.09 (−0.2, 0.3) | 0.13 (−0.07, 0.34) | −0.00002 (−0.01, 0.01 |
|
| |||||
| Females – Bisphenol-A | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) |
|
| |||||
| Bisphenol-A [continuous]: | n=740 | n=740 | n=736 | n=740 | n=730 |
| 0.008 (−0.01, 0.03) | −0.003 (−0.09, 0.08) | −0.003 (−0.10, 0.09) | 0.004 (−0.09, 0.10) | 0.0008 (−0.003, 0.005 | |
| Bisphenol-A [categorical]: | Ptrend=0.23 | Ptrend=0.83 | Ptrend=0.83 | Ptrend=0.64 | Ptrend=0.98 |
| Q1: 0.3-<1.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Q2: 1.0-<2.0 | −0.02 (−0.07, 0.03) | −0.03 (−0.3, 0.2) | −0.07 (−0.36, 0.22) | −0.06 (−0.3, 0.2) | −0.009 (−0.02, 0.004) |
| Q3: 2.0-<3.7 | 0.02 (−0.03, 0.06) | 0.1 (−0.09, 0.4) | 0.2 (−0.08, 0.4) | 0.1 (−0.1, 0.4) | −0.008 (−0.02, 0.001) |
| Q4: ≥ 3.7 | 0.02 (−0.04, 0.08) | −0.02 (−0.3, 0.2) | −0.03 (−0.3, 0.2) | 0.005 (−0.3, 0.3) | −0.009 (−0.01, 0.01) |
|
| |||||
| Females – Ratio of bisphenol-A to creatinine | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) |
|
| |||||
| Bisphenol-A [continuous]: | n=740 | n=740 | n=736 | n=740 | n=730 |
| 0.01 (−0.01, 0.03) | −0.02 (−0.1, 0.06) | −0.02 (−0.1, 0.07) | −0.01 (−0.1, 0.08) | 0.003 (−0.001, 0.007) | |
| Bisphenol-A [categorical]: | Ptrend=0.18 | Ptrend=0.97 | Ptrend=0.91 | Ptrend=0.8 | Ptrend=0.54 |
| Q1: 0.001-<0.01 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Q2: 0.01-<0.02 | 0.009 (−0.03, 0.05) | 0.08 (−0.1, 0.3) | 0.1 (−0.1, 0.3) | 0.09 (−0.1, 0.3) | −0.004 (−0.01, 0.006) |
| Q3: 0.02-<0.03 | 0.03 (−0.03, 0.09) | −0.04 (−0.3, 0.2) | −0.05 (−0.4, 0.2) | −0.009 (−0.3, 0.3) | −0.002 (−0.01, 0.008) |
| Q4: ≥ 0.03 | 0.02 (−0.02, 0.06) | 0.04 (−0.1, 0.2) | 0.07 (−0.1, 0.3) | 0.06 (−0.1, 0.3) | 0.001 (−0.008, 0.01) |
a
All models were adjusted for age (in years), sex (‘male’, ‘female’), race (‘Mexican-American’, ‘Other Hispanic’, ‘Non-Hispanic Black’, ‘Non-Hispanic White’, ‘Other’), Education (‘< High School’, ‘High School’, ‘> High School’), Marital status (‘Ever married’, ‘Never married/Living with partner’), Smoking status (‘Non-smoker’, ‘Ex-smoker’, ‘Current smoker’), Physical activity (metabolic equivalents, in quartiles), Dietary energy intake (kcal, in quartiles), Creatinine (mg/dl, in quartiles) and survey wave (‘2005–2006’, ‘2007–2008’); CI=Confidence Interval; HOMA = Homeostasis Model Assessment; IR=Insulin resistance; Q1=1st quartile; Q2=2nd quartile; Q3=3rd quartile; Q4=4th quartile; QUICKI= Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index.