Table 4.
Multivariate logistic regression models for bisphenol-A and ratio of bisphenol-A to creatinine level in relation to hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, stratified by sexa
| Hyperglycemia (fasting glucose ≥ 100 mg/dl) | Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR ≥ 2.5) | |
|---|---|---|
|
| ||
| Overall – Bisphenol-A | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) |
| Bisphenol-A [continuous]: | n=1473 | n=1473 |
| 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) | |
| PBPA*sex | 0.68 | 0.30 |
| Bisphenol-A [categorical]: | Ptrend=0.55 | Ptrend=0.23 |
| Q1: 0.3-<1.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Q2: 1.0-<2.0 | 0.9 (0.52, 1.42) | 1.1 (0.6, 1.8) |
| Q3: 2.0-<3.7 | 1.2 (0.7, 1.9) | 1.7 (1.2, 2.4) |
| Q4: ≥ 3.7 | 1.1 (0.6, 1.9) | 1.2 (0.7, 1.9) |
| PBPA(Q2)*sex | 0.32 | 0.46 |
| PBPA(Q3)*sex | 0.15 | 0.04 |
| PBPA(Q4)*sex | 0.81 | 0.59 |
|
| ||
| Overall – Ratio of bisphenol-A to creatinine | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) |
|
| ||
| Bisphenol-A [continuous]: | n=1473 | n=1473 |
| 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) | |
| PBPA*sex | 0.14 | 0.19 |
| Bisphenol-A [categorical]: | Ptrend=0.30 | Ptrend=0.09 |
| Q1: 0.001-<0.01 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Q2: 0.01-<0.02 | 1.1 (0.8, 1.6) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.4) |
| Q3: 0.02-<0.03 | 1.3 (0.8, 1.9) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.7) |
| Q4: ≥ 0.03 | 1.2 (0.8, 1.9) | 1.3 (0.9, 1.8) |
| PBPA(Q2)*sex | 0.77 | 0.81 |
| PBPA(Q3)*sex | 0.74 | 0.72 |
| PBPA(Q4)*sex | 0.22 | 0.34 |
|
| ||
| Males – Bisphenol-A | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) |
|
| ||
| Bisphenol-A [continuous]: | n=733 | n=733 |
| 1.1 (0.9, 1.4) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.5) | |
| Bisphenol-A [categorical]: | Ptrend=0.18 | Ptrend=0.12 |
| Q1: 0.3-<1.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Q2: 1.0-<2.0 | 0.8 (0.4, 1.3) | 1.3 (0.6, 2.5) |
| Q3: 2.0-<3.7 | 1.7 (0.8, 3.5) | 2.7 (1.7, 4.3) |
| Q4: ≥ 3.7 | 1.2 (0.6, 2.6) | 1.5 (0.7, 3.2) |
|
| ||
| Males – Ratio of bisphenol-A to creatinine | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) |
|
| ||
| Bisphenol-A [continuous]: | n=733 | n=733 |
| 1.1 (0.9, 1.4) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.5) | |
| Bisphenol-A [categorical]: | Ptrend=0.12 | Ptrend=0.06 |
| Q1: 0.001-<0.01 | 1.00 | |
| Q2: 0.01-<0.02 | 1.0 (0.6, 1.7) | 0.9 (0.5, 1.6) |
| Q3: 0.02-<0.03 | 1.2 (0.6, 2.2) | 1.3 (0.8, 2.3) |
| Q4: ≥ 0.03 | 1.7 (0.9, 3.5) | 1.7 (0.9, 3.3) |
|
| ||
| Females | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) |
|
| ||
| Bisphenol-A [continuous]: | n=740 | n=740 |
| 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) | 0.9 (0.8, 1.2) | |
| Bisphenol-A [categorical]: | Ptrend=0.59 | Ptrend=0.91 |
| Q1: 0.3-<1.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Q2: 1.0-<2.0 | 1.1 (0.6, 2.0) | 0.9 (0.5, 1.9) |
| Q3: 2.0-<3.7 | 0.7 (0.3, 1.5) | 1.2 (0.6, 2.3) |
| Q4: ≥ 3.7 | 0.9 (0.5, 1.8) | 0.9 (0.5, 1.8) |
|
| ||
| Females – Ratio of bisphenol-A to creatinine | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) |
|
| ||
| Bisphenol-A [continuous]: | n=740 | n=740 |
| 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) | 0.9 (0.8, 1.1) | |
| Bisphenol-A [categorical]: | Ptrend=0.56 | Ptrend=0.8 |
| Q1: 0.001-<0.01 | 1.00 | |
| Q2: 0.01-<0.02 | 1.2 (0.6, 2.3) | 0.9 (0.5, 1.8) |
| Q3: 0.02-<0.03 | 1.3 (0.6, 2.6) | 0.9 (0.5, 1.9) |
| Q4: ≥ 0.03 | 0.9 (0.6, 1.5) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.4) |
All models were adjusted for age (in years), sex (‘male’, ‘female’), race (‘Mexican-American’, ‘Other Hispanic’, ‘Non-Hispanic Black’, ‘Non-Hispanic White’, ‘Other’), Education (‘< High School’, ‘High School’, ‘> High School’), Marital status (‘Ever married’, ‘Never married/Living with partner’), Smoking status (‘Non-smoker’, ‘Ex-smoker’, ‘Current smoker’), Physical activity (metabolic equivalents, in quartiles), Dietary energy intake (kcal, in quartiles), Creatinine (mg/dl, in quartiles) and survey wave (‘2005–2006’, ‘2007–2008’); CI=Confidence Interval; HOMA = Homeostasis Model Assessment; IR=Insulin resistance; OR=odds ratio; Q1=1st quartile; Q2=2nd quartile; Q3=3rd quartile; Q4=4th quartile.