Table 1.

14-3-3 isoforms in neurodegeneration.

14-3-3 isoform	Isoform-specific histology	Interacting partner and disease involvement
β	Tangles in AD LBHI in ALS GCI in MSA	LRRK2; PD NFL mRNA; ALS Tau, SPRK2, FOXO1; AD Ataxin-1; SCA1 ASK1; Epilepsy GFAP; MS
γ	Tangles in AD Lewy bodies in PD LBH in ALS GCI in MSA	LRRK2; PD NFL mRNA; ALS
ε	Tangles in AD Lewy bodies in PD GCI in MSA	LRRK2; PD Cdc25, SPRK2; AD Ataxin-1; SCA1 GFAP; MS
ζ	Tangles in AD Lewy bodies in PD Amyloid plaque in CJD GCI in MSA	Tyrosine hydroxylase, LRRK2; PD NFL mRNA; ALS GSK3β, tau; AD Ataxin-1; SCA1 Huntingtin; HD Bad, Bax; Ischemia GFAP; MS
η		Parkin, LRRK2; PD NFL mRNA; ALS Tau; AD
σ	Tangles in AD	SPRK2; AD
θ/τ	Lewy bodies in PD GCI in MSA	Bad, Bax, LRRK2; PD NFL mRNA; ALS