Table 2.

Bivariate Associations between Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics, and Radicular Pain Recurrence

	Hazard Ratio (95% Confidence Interval)	p-value
Sociodemographic Factors and Medical History
Age (yrs.)	0.98 (0.95-1.02)	0.31
Female Sex	1.49 (0.57-3.91)	0.42
Prior back pain history	0.53 (0.20-1.44)	0.14
Prior spine surgery at a different spinal level	4.02 (0.92-17.66)	0.07
Medical Comorbidity [SACQ] (0-45)	1.13 (0.99-1.27)	0.06
Number of months to resolution of radicular pain	1.24 (1.13-1.37)	<0.0001†
Tobacco use	0.73 (0.17-3.23)	0.68
Worker’s Compensation status	0.77 (0.10-5.84)	0.80
Physical Examination
Positive Straight Leg Raise	1.91 (0.74-4.96)	0.18
Positive Femoral Stretch Test	1.03 (0.34-3.16)	0.96
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings
Midlumbar or High Lumbar Disk Herniation (L1-L2, L2-L3, L3-L4 levels)	0.61 (0.20-1.87)	0.76
Foraminal or Extraforaminal Herniation	1.07 (0.40-2.90)	0.89
Disk Extrusion	0.52 (0.19-6.26)	0.71
Disk Sequestration	0.37 (0.04-3.07)	0.36
Severity of Initial Clinical Presentation
Oswestry Disability Index (0-100)	0.53 (0.04-8.08)	0.65
Visual Analogue Scale Leg Pain (0-10)	0.94 (0.77-1.16)	0.59
Specific Treatments Received
Oral corticosteroids	1.16 (0.38-3.57)	0.79
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication	1.08 (0.42-2.80)	0.88
Opioids	0.40 (0.14-1.13)	0.08
Physical therapy	0.56 (0.21-1.44)	0.23
Interlaminar Epidural Steroid Injection	1.08 (0.42-2.80	0.88
Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injection	0.48 (0.14-1.68)	0.25

^*Mean (standard deviation) or N (%)

^†Statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05)

SACQ – Self-administered Comorbidity Questionnaire