Table 5. Univariable and multivariable analyses of the risk factors for death (n = 219,845).

Characteristics	Univariable Analysis		Multivariable Analysis
	Crude OR [95% CI]	p-Value	AOR [95% CI]	p-Value	PAF % [95% CI]
Anemia
Hemoglobin ≥5 g/dl	Reference		Reference
Hemoglobin <5 g/dl	4.63 [4.16–5.16]	<0.001	5.80 [5.17–6.50]	<0.001	11.9 [10.6–13.2]
Species
Negative	Reference		Reference
P. falciparum	0.61 [0.54–0.68]	<0.001	0.57 [0.51–0.65]	<0.001	<0 [<0–<0]
P. vivax	0.38 [0.31–0.46]	<0.001	0.37 [0.31–0.45]	<0.001	<0 [<0–<0]
P. malariae	0.58 [0.34–0.99]	0.05	0.57 [0.34–0.98]	0.04	<0 [<0–<0]
Mixed species	0.47 [0.37–0.61]	<0.001	0.45 [0.35–0.59]	<0.001	<0 [<0–<0]
Age group
≥15 years	Reference		Reference
<1 year	1.43 [1.28–1.60]	<0.001	1.40 [1.25–1.58]	<0.001	4.0 [2.5–5.4]
1 to <5 years	0.60 [0.53–0.67]	<0.001	0.62 [0.55–0.70]	<0.001	<0 [<0–<0]
5 to <15 years	0.57 [0.49–0.66]	<0.001	0.60 [0.51–0.69]	<0.001	<0 [<0–<0]
Gender
Female	0.63 [0.58–0.68]	<0.001	0.58 [0.54–0.63]	<0.001	<0 [<0–<0]
Ethnicity
Non-Papuan	Reference		Reference
Highland Papuan	0.61 [0.55–0.67]	<0.001	0.64 [0.58–0.71]	<0.001	<0 [<0–<0]
Lowland Papuan	0.93 [0.83–1.05]	0.26	0.95 [0.84–1.08]	0.46	<0 [<0–1.4]
Year a
2004	Reference		Reference
2005	0.99 [0.81–1.21]	0.94	1.09 [0.89–1.33]	0.39
2006	1.41 [1.16–1.71]	<0.001	1.47 [1.21–1.79]	<0.001
2007	1.57 [1.30–1.89]	<0.001	1.54 [1.27–1.86]	<0.001
2008	1.85 [1.53–2.24]	<0.001	1.84 [1.52–2.23]	<0.001
2009	0.93 [0.77–1.13]	0.48	1.04 [0.85–1.27]	0.70
2010	0.77 [0.63–0.94]	0.01	0.87 [0.71–1.07]	0.19
2011	0.95 [0.78–1.16]	0.60	1.05 [0.86–1.29]	0.61
2012	0.87 [0.71–1.05]	0.15	0.99 [0.81–1.20]	0.90
Presentation with malaria in the last 2 months b
No episodes	Reference
1 episode	0.63 [0.54–0.72]	<0.001
2 or more episodes	0.59 [0.42–0.82]	<0.001

^a Included in model for calculation of overall PAFs but PAFs not presented.

^b Number of previous presentations not included in the multivariable model as this would potentially obscure the net clinical severity of Plasmodium infection.

OR odds ratio.