Table A1.
Full list of studies and number of foci included in this article
| Task domain (X/Y) | Imaging modality | N | Task description | No. of foci |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotion (18/9): | 62 | |||
| Imaizumi et al. 1997 | PET | Emotion in speaker voice vs. Speaker identification | 5 | |
| Lane et al. 1997 | PET | IAPS pictures | 2 | |
| Paradiso et al. 1999 | PET/1.5T fMRI | IAPS pictures | 10 | |
| Simpson et al. 2000* | 1.5T fMRI | IAPS pictures | 2 | |
| Abel et al. 2003* | 1.5T fMRI | Ketamin and facial emotion recognition | 2 | |
| Gündel et al. 2003 | 1.5T fMRI | Grief | 5 | |
| Markowitsch et al. 2003* | 1.5T fMRI | Happy vs. sad autobiographical memory and fMRI | 2 | |
| Ueda et al. 2003* | 1.5T fMRI | Expectancy of emotional stimuli (warned reaction task) | 1 | |
| Canli et al. 2004* | 3T fMRI | Lexical decision task for neutral, happy, sad, and threat‐related words | 2 | |
| Lee et al. 2004 | 1.5T fMRI | Unpleasant vs. neutral IAPS pictures | 3 | |
| Najib et al. 2004* | 1.5T fMRI | Women who had romantic relationship breakup | 8 | |
| Takahashi et al. 2004 | 1.5T fMRI | IAPS pictures | 1 | |
| Habel et al. 2005 | 1.5T fMRI | Happy vs. sad faces | 2 | |
| Bermpohl et al. 2006 | 3T fMRI | IAPS pictures | 2 | |
| Hofer et al. [2006]* | 1.5T fMRI | Gender difference in fMRI images during the perception of emotion | 6 | |
| Hofer et al. 2007 | 1.5T fMRI | IAPS pictures | 6 | |
| Jollant et al. 2008* | 1.5T fMRI | IAPS pictures (angry, happy vs. neutral), suicidal behavior | 2 | |
| Park et al. 2010* | 1.5T fMRI | Integration of emotional information from different sources | 1 | |
| Executive function (13/6): | 58 | |||
| Rao et al. 1997 | 1.5T fMRI | Conceptual reasoning vs. sensorimotor control | 3 | |
| Dagher et al. 1999)* | PET | Tower of London task | 2 | |
| Jahanshahi et al. 2000 | PET | Random number generation vs. Counting | 2 | |
| Liddle et al. 2001 | 1.5T fMRI | Go‐No‐Go task | 15 | |
| Dreher et al. 2002* | 1.5T fMRI | Letter discrimination with task‐switching conditions | 4 | |
| Ernst et al. 2002 | PET | Risk taking task | 10 | |
| Schall et al. 2003* | PET/1.5T fMRI | Tower of London task | 2 | |
| Daniels et al. 2003 | 1.5T fMRI | Random number generation | 2 | |
| Beauchamp et al. 2003* | PET | Tower of London | 3 | |
| Blackwood et al. 2004 | 1.5T fMRI | Decision making (uncertain vs. certain conditions) | 2 | |
| Kondo et al. 2004* | 1.5T fMRI | Arithmetic and memory tasks | 6 | |
| Harrington et al. 2004 | 1.5T fMRI | Decision making (interval timing) | 4 | |
| Gilbert et al. 2008* | 3T fMRI | Random generation task | 3 | |
| Language (15/4): | 68 | |||
| Ojemann et al. 1998 | PET and 1.5T fMRI | Word stem completion (covert) vs. fixation | 7 | |
| Schlosser et al. 1998 | 1.5T fMRI | Verbal fluency | 6 | |
| Lurito et al. 2000 | fMRI | Word generation vs. viewing nonletter symbols | 3 | |
| Seger et al. 2000 | 1.5T fMRI | Verb generation | 13 | |
| Gurd et al. (2002) | 1.5T fMRI | Semantic fluency (categories) vs. overlearned sequence fluency | 1 | |
| Noppeney et al. 2002 | PET | Semantic decision | 2 | |
| Xiang et al. 2003 | 1.5T fMRI | Semantic discrimination | 1 | |
| McDermott et al. 2003 | 1.5T fMRI | Semantic vs. Phonological word lists | 3 | |
| Seki et al. 2004 | 3T fMRI | Vowel exchange vs. Reading words and nonwords | 2 | |
| Tieleman et al. 2005 | 1.5T fMRI | Semantic vs. perceptual categorization | 3 | |
| Callan et al. 2006* | 3T fMRI | Listening and covert production of singing relative to speech | 2 | |
| Frings et al. 2006 | 1.5T fMRI | Verb generation | 17 | |
| Rauschecker et al. 2008* | 3T fMRI | Test of nonword repetition | 4 | |
| Sweet et al. 2008* | 1.5T fMRI | Effects of phonological similarity on verbal working memory (2‐back and 0‐back) | 2 | |
| Durisko et al. 2010* | 3T fMRI | Contribution of cerebellum to verbal working memory | 2 | |
| Music* (7): | 57 | |||
| Zatorre et al. 1994 | PET | Auditory processing of melody | 3 | |
| Ramnani et al. [2001] | PET | Rhythmic learning | 3 | |
| Pope et al. 2005 | 3T fMRI | Rhythmic sequence production | 10 | |
| Grahn et al. 2007 | 3T fMRI | Rhythm and beat perception | 2 | |
| Chen et al. 2008 | 1.5T fMRI | Rhythm perception and production | 26 | |
| Thaut et al. 2008 | 1.5T fMRI | Rhythmic production/formation | 7 | |
| Karabanov et al. 2009 | 1.5T fMRI | Rhythmic production | 6 | |
| Timing* (9): | 36 | |||
| Tracy et al. 2000 | 1.5T fMRI | Time interval production task | 5 | |
| Jäncke et al. 2000 | 1.5T fMRI | Paced finger‐tapping task | 4 | |
| Dreher et al. 2002 | 1.5T fMRI | Timing prediction task | 2 | |
| Smith et al. 2003 | 1.5T fMRI | Temporal discrimination task | 1 | |
| Jantzen et al. 2005 | 1.5T fMRI | Self‐paced rhythmic timing task | 12 | |
| Tregellas et al. 2006 | 3T fMRI | Auditory temporal discrimination task | 2 | |
| Stevens et al. 2007 | 3T fMRI | Temporal reproduction | 3 | |
| Jantzen et al. 2007 | 1.5T fMRI | Continuation paradigm | 2 | |
| O'Reilly et al. 2008 | 3T fMRI | Temporal perception task | 5 | |
| Working memory(26/18): | 116 | |||
| Fiez et al. 1996* | PET | Working memory and PET | 5 | |
| Schumacher et al. 1996* | PET | Verbal working memory and its modality‐specific representations | 1 | |
| Jonides et al. 1998* | PET | Role of parietal cortex in verbal working memory | 3 | |
| LaBar et al. 1999 | 1.5T fMRI | 2‐back task; spatial WM | 1 | |
| Thomas et al. 1999* | 1.5T fMRI | Spatial working memory – children and adults | 2 | |
| Honey et al. 2000 | 1.5T fMRI | 2‐back vs. Control | 1 | |
| Gruber et al. 2001 | 3T fMRI | Letter memory vs. Uppercase/lowercase judgment | 1 | |
| Cairo et al. 2004 | fMRI | Sternberg working memory | 8 | |
| Kirschen et al. 2005 | 3T fMRI | Regions of linear and quadratic increases in activation with increasing memory load | 6 | |
| Chen et al. 2005b | 3T fMRI | Sternberg working memory | 13 | |
| Chen et al. 2005a* | 3T fMRI | Verbal working memory | 9 | |
| Tomasi et al. 2005 | 4T fMRI | n‐back | 3 | |
| Valera et al. 2005 | 1.5T fMRI | n‐back | 1 | |
| Woodward et al. 2006* | 1.5T fMRI | Verbal working memory | 5 | |
| Geier et al. 2007* | 3T fMRI | Spatial working memory (oculomotor delayed response task) | 3 | |
| Hayter et al. 2007* | 3T fMRI | Verbal working memory (Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test, PASAT) | 2 | |
| Tomasi et al. 2007* | 4T fMRI | n‐back and visual attention tasks | 3 | |
| Yeh et al. 2007* | 1.5T fMRI | Visuospatial working memory for change detection | 1 | |
| O'Hare et al. 2008* | 3T fMRI | Parametric verbal Sternberg working memory task | 4 | |
| Scheuerecker et al. 2008* | 1.5T fMRI | 2‐back vs. 0‐back | 5 | |
| Hautzel et al. 2009* | 1.5T fMRI | 2‐back paradigm and extracting %change in BOLD signal | 19 | |
| Koelsch et al. 2009* | 3T fMRI | Functional architecture of verbal and tonal working memory | 1 | |
| Durisko et al. 2010* | 3T fMRI | Delayed serial recall (DSR) task | 7 | |
| Schulze et al. 2011* | 3T fMRI | Verbal and tonal working memory (musicians and nonmusicians) | 5 | |
| Marvel et al. 2010b* | 3T fMRI | Sternberg working memory | 2 | |
| Kirschen et al. 2010* | 3T fMRI | Load‐dependent verbal working memory | 5 |
X, total number of studies included in each domain; Y, total number of articles not included in previous meta‐analysis; N, total number of foci included in each domain, and task type and articles marked with an asterisk (*) are ones not included in the previous meta‐analysis conducted by Stoodley and Schmahmann 2009.