Figure 1.

Indo-Pacific reef communities with contrasting structural complexity. (a) Structurally complex reef (complexity rating value 4–5) with branching, tabulate and foliose coral morphologies. (b) Structurally simplified communities dominated by massive coral morphologies (complexity 2–3), as found in areas of chronic disturbance as shown here from one of the PNG CO₂ seeps. (c) Flattened reef lacking three-dimensional structure (complexity 0–1), as found after major disturbance. (Online version in colour.)