Figure 2.

(a) Three example cases of lesions associated with phonological dyslexia from [44], encompassing posterior inferior frontal gyrus/Broca's area/precentral Gyrus (left), superior temporal gyrus (middle, arrow) and supramarginal gyrus (right, arrow). (b) Reading performance for 12 chronic stroke aphasic patients from [43] on the Psycholinguistic Assessments of Language Processing in Aphasia (PALPA) 31 low-frequency words and PALPA 36 nonwords, with severity determined by picture-naming ability (i) and 34 observations of progressive non-fluent aphasia patients’ reading from [13] on the Surface List low-frequency words and nonwords, with severity determined by picture-naming ability (ii). (c) The connectionist model from [45] with red indicating the connections damaged to simulate phonological dyslexia (dotted and solid arrows indicate 30 and 80% connectivity, respectively).