Figure 1.

Hypothesized roles of the parahippocampal place area (PPA), retrosplenial complex (RSC) and medial temporal lobe (MTL) in landmark-based piloting. In the proposed scheme, the PPA identifies landmarks, the RSC uses landmarks to determine the current location and facing/heading direction (and may also encode information about directions to other locations—not shown) and the MTL encodes a cognitive map that represents landmarks and goals in terms of their coordinates in allocentric space. (Online version in colour.)