Glucosamine, PUGNAc, and thiamet-G increase protein O-GlcNAcylation in rat hippocampus. A1, A2, GlcN (100 and 5 mm), PUGNAc (30 μm), or TMG (1 μm) application to acute slices (10 min) significantly increases protein O-GlcNAc levels in CA1 (100 μm GlcN, 5 mm GlcN, PUGNAc: n = 4; TMG: n = 7). B1, B2, GlcN (5 mm, 10 min) increases protein O-GlcNAc levels in hippocampal synaptosomes (n = 3). C1, C2, GlcN (5 mm, 10 min) increases O-GlcNAcylation in CA1 that returns to baseline by 20 min post treatment (n = 12). D1, D2, TMG (1 μm, 10 min) induces a prolonged increase in O-GlcNAcylation, up to 120 min post treatment (n = 10). C, D, Each treatment time point compared with time-matched Vehicle control. *p < 0.05. Error bars indicate SEM.