Table 7.
Odds ratios (and 95 % CI) of clinically significant depressive symptoms (CES-D ≥ 22) by the total score on the life events scale for students (LESS) after adjusting for all sociodemographic factors as estimated in multivariable logistic regression models
|
Total score of events in LESS |
Unadjusted |
|
Adjusted† |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95%CI) | P value | OR (95 % CI) | P value | |
|
Score of events |
|
|
|
|
|
0-49 |
1 |
-------------- |
1 |
----------- |
|
50-149 |
1.03 (0.43-1.53) |
0.513 |
0.79 (0.41-1.50) |
0.463 |
|
150-241 |
1.25 (0.68-2.30) |
0.480 |
1.17 (0.63-2.18) |
0.606 |
|
242-350 |
1.80 (0.99-3.30) |
0.055 |
1.75 (0.95-3.23) |
0.072 |
|
>351 |
3.17 (1.75-5.73) |
<0.001 |
3.03 (1.66-5.39) |
< 0.001 |
|
Age |
|
|
|
|
|
17-20 |
1 |
-------------- |
1 |
---------- |
|
21-40 |
1.04 (0.81-1.31) |
0.773 |
0.78 (0.62-1.24) |
0.451 |
|
Gender |
|
|
|
|
|
Male |
1 |
-------------- |
1 |
---------- |
|
Female |
1.28 (0.99-1.67) |
0.050 |
1.50 (1.10-2.03) |
0.009 |
|
Place of residence |
|
|
|
|
|
Metropolitan areas |
1 |
-------------- |
1 |
---------- |
|
Sub-urban or rural areas |
1.18 (0.94-1.50) |
0.154 |
1.23 (0.96-1.57) |
0.094 |
|
Ethnicity |
|
|
|
|
|
Cypriot |
1 |
-------------- |
1 |
----------- |
|
Greek/Other |
1.32 (0.82-2.13) |
0.253 |
1.89 (0.54-1.48) |
0.662 |
|
Family status |
|
|
|
|
|
Single/divorce |
1 |
----------- |
1 |
---------- |
|
Married/living with partner |
1.28 (0.77-1.90) |
0.072 |
1.47 (0.29-1.74) |
0.863 |
|
Employment |
|
|
|
|
|
Yes |
1 |
----------- |
1 |
---------- |
|
No |
1.63 (0.90-1.47) |
<0.001 |
1.31 (1.01-1.55) |
0.050 |
|
Academic year of study |
|
|
|
|
|
First |
1 |
-------------- |
1 |
----------- |
|
Second |
1.37 (1.01-1.86) |
0.041 |
1.35 (0.97-1.86) |
0.072 |
|
Third |
1.09 (0.79-1.51) |
0.590 |
0.98 (0.67-1.42) |
0.915 |
|
Fourth |
1.14 (0.80-1.63) |
0.474 |
1.02 (0.62-1.70) |
0.930 |
|
Faculty |
|
|
|
|
|
Geotechnical sciences and |
1 |
-------------- |
1 |
----------- |
|
Environmental management Management and Economics |
1.52 (0.92-2.50) |
0.102 |
1.36 (0.81-2.30) |
0.241 |
|
Applied Arts and Communication |
1.46 (0.90-2.34) |
0.122 |
1.36 (0.83-2.23) |
0.221 |
|
Engineering and Technology |
1.70 (0.90-2.67) |
0.020 |
1.79 (1.12-2.86) |
0.016 |
| Health Sciences | 1.01 (0.67-1.54) | 0.947 | 0.91 (0.60-1.42) | 0.702 |
†Adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, place of residence, family status, employment status, year of study, faculty.
Finally, in our study, the association between clinically significant depressive symptoms and life events (both number and severity) was statistically significant irrespective of academic year of study (all chi-square values < 0.05, results not shown in detail). As shown in Tables 6 and 7, while in the univariate analyses a higher prevalence of clinically significant depressive symptoms was observed amongst sophomore students compared to freshmen (OR = 1.37, p = 0.041), the association with year of study did not persist after controlling for life events and other socio-demographic variables in multivariable models.