Table 1. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
(Fourth Revision) Symptoms of 12-Month Major Depressive Disorder Among Black and White Adults Meeting Criteria for Major Depressive Disorder (N = 1866)a
| Blacks (n = 387) | Whites (n = 1479) | Blacks Compared to Whitesb | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| % | (SE) | % | (SE) | ORc | (95% CI) | |
| Mood symptoms | ||||||
| Depressed mood (1781) | 95.3 | (1.3) | 95.5 | (0.6) | 1.09 | (0.54–2.21) |
| Anhedonia (1661) | 85.3 | (2.7) | 88.9 | (1.0) | 0.73 | (0.45–1.19) |
| Appetite/weight disturbance | ||||||
| Appetite decreased (981) | 55.3 | (3.3) | 50.2 | (1.5) | 1.18 | (0.87–1.61) |
| Weight loss (755) | 44.0 | (3.7) | 37.1 | (1.4) | 1.30 | (0.94–1.81) |
| Appetite increased (607) | 30.6 | (3.3) | 33.1 | (1.3) | 0.88 | (0.62–1.24) |
| Weight gain (533) | 24.3 | (2.7) | 28.3 | (1.3) | 0.81 | (0.59–1.11) |
| Sleep disturbance | ||||||
| Insomnia (1300) | 75.9 | (3.2) | 66.8 | (1.6) | 1.58 | (1.07–2.33) |
| Early-morning awakening (1034) | 57.9 | (3.3) | 51.6 | (1.6) | 1.41 | (1.06–1.86) |
| Hypersomnia (877) | 39.8 | (3.1) | 48.9 | (1.6) | 0.63 | (0.47–0.84) |
| Psychomotor disturbance | ||||||
| Agitation (684) | 40.7 | (3.0) | 34.9 | (1.6) | 1.19 | (0.89–1.59) |
| Restlessness (925) | 61.8 | (3.2) | 46.2 | (1.5) | 1.97 | (1.47–2.64) |
| Retardation (748) | 38.9 | (3.0) | 39.8 | (1.5) | 0.91 | (0.68–1.20) |
| Energy deficit | ||||||
| Fatigue/loss of energy (1624) | 77.9 | (3.2) | 87.0 | (1.1) | 0.58 | (0.38–0.89) |
| Cognitive symptoms | ||||||
| Impaired concentration (1588) | 83.1 | (2.5) | 85.6 | (1.2) | 0.82 | (0.55–1.21) |
| Indecisiveness (1406) | 67.0 | (3.2) | 75.3 | (1.4) | 0.70 | (0.50–0.98) |
| Guilt (1076) | 53.3 | (3.1) | 58.0 | (1.5) | 0.84 | (0.63–1.12) |
| Worthlessness (1178) | 59.4 | (3.5) | 64.7 | (1.4) | 0.71 | (0.51–0.97) |
| Suicide symptoms | ||||||
| Suicide attempt (174) | 10.5 | (2.0) | 9.4 | (0.9) | 1.00 | (0.61–1.62) |
| Thought about committing suicide (669) | 33.6 | (3.2) | 37.7 | (1.6) | 0.79 | (0.56–1.11) |
| Felt like wanted to die (884) | 43.6 | (3.5) | 48.5 | (1.5) | 0.75 | (0.55–1.02) |
| Thought a lot about own death (663) | 41.1 | (3.2) | 34.9 | (1.5) | 1.24 | (0.91–1.70) |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; SE, standard error.
a
Bold type indicates a significant difference (p < .05 for blacks compared to whites).
b
Whites serve as reference group.
c
Odds ratios adjusted for sex, age, marital status, education, and income.