Table 2.
Cross-sectional and prospective cohort studies examining the association between smoking and AMD: current-smokers versus never-smokers*.
| Studies | AMD types | Odds ratio (95% CI)* |
|---|---|---|
| Beaver Dam Eye Study | Early AMD Neovascular AMD |
Ever-smokers versus never-smokers: M 1.29 (0.98–1.70) F 1.02 (0.81–1.29) Ever-smokers versus never-smokers: M 2.86 (0.64–12.7) F 2.06 (1.03–4.10) Current-smokers versus never-smokers or exsmokers: M 3.29 (1.03–10.50) F 2.50 (1.01–6.20) |
| Rotterdam Study | Atrophic AMD Neovascular AMD |
RR 1.5 (0.6–3.9), RR** 1.9 (0.7–5.4) RR 3.6 (1.8–7.4), RR** 6.6 (2.8–15.9) RR~ 0.5 (0.1–4.5) |
| Blue Mountains Eye Study | Early AMD All late AMD Atrophic AMD Neovascular AMD |
1.89 (1.26–2.84) 4.46 (2.20–9.03) 4.94 (1.29–8.82) 3.26 (1.45–7.38) |
| Visual Impairment Project | AMD | 2.38 (0.83–6.80), P = 0.11 |
| Beaver Dam Offspring Study | Early AMD | 1.83 (1.06–3.17) |
| Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) |
Early AMD Atrophic AMD Neovascular AMD |
Ever-smokers versus never-smokers: 1.25 (1.09–1.44), P < 0.01 1.61 (1.06–2.42), P < 0.05 1.91 (1.57–2.33), P < 0.01 |
| EUREYE Study |
Atrophic AMD Neovascular AMD |
Smoking in previous 25 years 2.27 (1.27–4.05) 2.86 (1.69–4.85) |
| Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group | Neovascular AMD | 2.20 (1.40–3.50), P = 0.002 |
| POLA Study | Late AMD | 3.6 (1.0–12.5) |
| Moon BG, 2012 | Early AMD | 1.53 (1.37–1.94), P = 0.02 |
| Cacket P, 2011 | PCV Neovascular AMD |
2.8 (1.4–5.5), P = 0.002 4.3 (2.1–8.5), P < 0.001 |
|
| ||
| Prospective Cohort Study | AMD types | Relative risk (95% CI)* |
|
| ||
| Physicians' Health Study | Neovascular AMD | 2.10 (1.01–4.37), P < 0.001 |
| Nurses' Health Study | All AMD | Current smokers 1.70 (1.20-2.50), Women who smoked 25 or more cigarettes per day 2.4 (1.4-4.0), P < 0.04 |
| Beaver Dam Eye Study, 5 years | Early AMD Progression of AMD |
M 1.53 (0.81–2.99) F 0.74 (0.40–1.35) M 2.34 (1.00–5.44) F 1.00 (0.50–2.01) |
| Beaver Dam Eye Study, 10 years | Early AMD Late AMD Progression of AMD |
1.37 (0.98–1.94) 0.51 (0.18–1.46) 1.34 (0.94–1.91) |
| Blue Mountains Eye Study, 5 years | Geographic atrophy Neovascular AMD Any late AMD |
3.6 (1.1–11.3) 1.6 (0.4–3.7) 2.5 (1.0–6.2) |
| Blue Mountains Eye Study, 10 years | Geographic atrophy Neovascular AMD Any late AMD |
10.3 (2.7–39.1) 1.9 (0.6–5.3) 3.9 (1.7–8.8) |
| AREDS followup | Geographic atrophy | 1.82 (1.25–2.65) 1.55 (1.15–2.09) |
| Coleman AL, 2010 | Early AMD Late AMD |
OR 1.11 (0.53–1.23) OR 1.04 (0.31–3.47) |
*AMD: age-related macular degeneration; *age and sex adjusted; **less than 85 years; ~more than 85 years; CI: confidence interval; M: male; F: female; RR: relative risk; POLA: Pathologies Oculaires Liées à l'Age; PCV: polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy; OR: odds ratio.