Table 2.

Definitions and Inter-Rater Agreement for Observation Codes

Code	Definitions	% Agree
Staff Behavior
Actively connecting with students	“Checks in” w/student(s); greeting, statement, question, physical contact, gesture; not a directive	77%
Approval	Verbal praise or recognition of student(s) behavior; approving physical contact or gestures	91%
Criticism	Verbal criticism, gestural, or physical contact of disapproval of student behavior; threats of punishment	97%
Tangible reinforce	Giving tangible reinforcement for student behavior (points, objects, or privileges)	99%
Tangible punitive consequences	Tangible punitive consequences for student behavior (removal points or privileges, remove from activity, discipline referral)	97%
	Average inter-rater reliability for staff behavior	92%
Student Behavior
Noncompliance	Student does not follow staff directive for a behavior change (to start or stop behavior within 5 seconds).	96%
Potentially dangerous behavior	Engaged in behavior that is potentially dangerous to self or others, not safe, misuse of school equipment	74%
Verbal aggression to peer	Verbal disapproval or critical judgment of peer that is present (name calling, swearing at a peer, threats, mean spirited teasing, angry yelling at peer, exclusion of peer)	82%
Physical aggression to peer	Aversive physical contact (e.g., hits, kicks, pushes, restrains, spits on) a peer	75%
	Average inter-rater reliability for student behavior	82%