Table 5.
Model of Staff Practices and School Environment Predicting Student Problem Behavior
| Predictor | b | SE | t | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Observations Within Schools | ||||
| Effective behavior management | −.11 | .02 | −6.74 | < .001 |
| Criticism by adults | .24 | .10 | 2.28 | .022 |
| Student–teacher ratio | .49 | .46 | 1.07 | .29 |
| Residual variance | .11 | .01 | 18.64 | < .001 |
| Between Schools | ||||
| Extensiveness of graffiti | .02 | .01 | 3.05 | .002 |
| Damaged school property | .00 | .01 | −.28 | .78 |
| Number of students enrolled | .00 | .00 | 1.63 | .10 |
| Percent free/reduced lunch | .00 | .00 | 2.38 | .017 |
| Intercept | .56 | .02 | 34.08 | < .001 |
| Residual variance | .00 | .00 | 1.20 | .232 |
| R2 | ||||
| Within | .06 | .02 | 3.35 | .001 |
| Between | .72 | .18 | 4.02 | < .001 |
Note. The ICC for problem student behavior = .062.