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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Dec 18.
Published in final edited form as: Psychol Sch. 2011 Apr;48(4):10.1002/pits.20562. doi: 10.1002/pits.20562

Table 6.

Model of Staff Practices and School Environment Predicting Student Positive Behavior

Predictor b SE t p
Observations Within Schools
Effective behavior management .34 .04 8.31 < .001
Positive adult attention .14 .03 4.27 < .001
Student–teacher ratio −1.91 .66 −2.90 .004
Residual variance .27 .02 15.35 < .001

Between Schools
Display of student work .00 .01 −.14 .887
Display of rules and expectations .17 .14 1.22 .221
Number of students enrolled .00 .00 −.95 .342
Percent free/reduced lunch −.01 .00 −3.35 .001
Intercept 2.74 .03 93.15 < .001
Residual variance .01 .00 3.27 .001

R2
Within .29 .04 8.20 < .001
Between .41 .16 2.50 .012

Note. The ICC for positive student behavior = .05.