Table 4.

Comparison of PM, ΣPAHs, ΣNPAHs, Σhopanes, and Σsteranes measurements in the present study and previous studies.

Engine	Displacement (L)	Power (kW)	Condition	PM (g/kWh)	ΣPAHs (μg/kWh)	ΣNPAHs (μg/kWh)	ΣHopanes (μg/kWh)	ΣSteranes (μg/kWh)	Reference
2008 Ford Power Stroke	6.4	261	1500 rpm, 6 bar	0.033	0.36	0.06	0.003 ~ 0.3	0.2	This study
			2500 rpm, 9 bar	0.10	2.52	0.35	0.02 ~ 2	1.0
1997 Cummins N14		276 (rated power)	EPA transient cycle	0.142					C.A. Sharp, 2000a
1997 DDC Series 50		205 (rated power)	EPA transient cycle, no catalyst	0.137
1997 DDC Series 50		205 (rated power)	EPA transient cycle, with catalyst	0.101
1997 Cummins N14		276 (rated power)	EPA transient cycle		14.6	0.210			C.A. Sharp, 2000b
1997 DDC Series 50		205 (rated power)	EPA transient cycle, no catalyst		6.36	0.184
1997 DDC Series 50		205 (rated power)	EPA transient cycle, with catalyst		2.21	0.177
6-cylinder DI	8.0	147 (maximum power, at 2900 rpm)	1000 rpm, 25% load	0.1-0.2					S. Hori, 2001
			1000 rpm, 75% load	0.3-0.5
Perkins Phaser 180Ti 6 cylinder DI	6.0	134 (maximum power, at 2600 rpm)	23 kW power output	0.060	544				A. Lea-Langton. 2008
			47 kW power output	0.030	80
6-cylinder DI	7.961	191 (rated power, at 2700 rpm)	Japanese 13 mode test cycle	0.181-0.241	9.6-20.9				S. Tanaka, 1998
2002 Cummins ISB	5.9	224	AVL 8-mode test cycle		0.063	0.006			M.A. Ratcliff, 2010
2004 Heavy-duty	15		EPA transient cycle		1382	1.57	15.1	9.67	Z. Gerald Liu, 2010
2007 Heavy-duty		Average 324	16-hr transient cycle	0.0014	992	0.94	0.80	0.54	I.A. Khalek, 2011
6-cylinder EURO 2 DI	7.8	159 (maxium power, at 2100 rpm)	EURO 2 13 mode test cycle	0.26	9.661	0.351			M.Gambino, 2001