Table 1.

Patient factors and the odds of kidney stone disease.

Demographics	Univariable OR (95% CI)	Multivariable OR (95% CI)
Age
20–39	1.00 (referent)	1.00 (referent)
40–59	1.84 (1.25–2.71)	1.88 (1.22–2.90)
≥60	2.94 (2.05–4.23)	2.70 (1.82–4.01)
Gender
Female	1.00 (referent)	1.00 (referent)
Male	1.67 (1.30–2.14)	1.78 (1.35–2.35)
Race
White, Non-Hispanic	1.00 (referent)	1.00 (referent)
Black, Non-Hispanic	0.42 (0.27–0.65)	0.39 (0.24–0.63)
Hispanic	0.60 (0.46–0.74)	0.56 (0.41–0.77)
Other/multiracial	0.74 (0.48–1.15)	0.99 (0.64–1.52)
Household Income
> $75,000	1.00 (referent)	1.00 (referent)
$35,000 to $74,999	1.39 (0.92–2.08)	1.50 (0.96–2.34)
$20,000 to $34,999	1.58 (1.03–2.43)	1.77 (1.07–2.91)
$0 to $19,999	1.59 (1.07–2.36)	1.95 (1.24–3.09)
Education
College graduate	1.00 (referent)	1.00 (referent)
Some College	1.39 (1.05–1.83)	1.41 (1.02–1.94)
High School/GED	1.34 (1.00–1.79)	1.25 (0.89–1.76)
9ththough 11th	1.43 (0.96–2.13)	1.44 (0.96–2.18)
Less than 9thgrade	1.26 (0.78–2.05)	1.11 (0.64–1.94)
BMI
Normal	1.00 (referent)	1.00 (referent)
Overweight	1.36 (0.98–1.89)	1.14 (0.83–1.58)
Obese	1.86 (1.38–2.51)	1.67 (1.27–2.18)
Positive Smoking History	0.98 (0.77–1.23)	0.72 (0.55–0.94)