Table 2.

Mechanisms by which ADARs might potentially affect the host response to viral infection

Biological process	Molecular event	Reference*
Interferon signaling and action
PKR	Suppressed PKR activation	Nie et al. 2007; Toth et al. 2009; Wang et al. 2009; Li et al. 2010
IRF3	Suppressed IRF3 activation	Toth et al. 2009; Vitali and Scadden,2010
IFN	Suppressed IFN induction	Hartner et al. 2009
Macromolecular synthesis and degradation
Pre-mRNA splicing	Altered splicing	Reuter et al.1999; Raitskin et al.2001
Ribosome decoding during translation	Amino acid substitution, termination	Cattaneo and Billeter 1992; Casey 2011
RNA degradation	Cleavage of I-containing RNA	Scadden 2005; Scadden and O’Connell 2005
RNA silencing	Altered miR processing or targeting	Iizasa et al. 2010; Wulff and Nishikura 2011
Adaptive immunity
Immune surveillance	Antibody neutralization of viral antigens	Rueda et al. 1994; Martínez and Melero 2002 Zahn et al. 2007

^*See text for additional references.