Table 6.
Health consequences of MNDs
| MND | Health consequence | Effect size (SD where available) | Persistent effect | Numbering in Figures 4, 5 and 6 | Source | Source systematic review |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IDA |
Share of anemia caused by iron deficiency |
60% |
Not applicable |
6.1 |
[27,51] |
No |
| Cognitive impairment and motor development |
Moderate or severe IDA in 6-23-month-old children: Cognitive score in adults reduced by 9 points (on a scale with mean 100 and SD 15) |
Yes |
6.2 |
[43] |
No |
|
| Low physical activity |
Moderate or severe IDA: All children |
No |
6.3 |
[39,46] |
No |
|
| All-cause mortality |
Moderate IDA: No effects |
Yes |
6.4 |
[52] |
Yes |
|
| Severe IDA: RR of 2.21 | ||||||
| VAD |
Diarrhea |
RR of 1.18 (1.15, 1.22) |
No |
6.5 |
[47] |
Yes |
| Measles |
RR of 2.00 (1.49, 2.70) |
No |
6.6 |
[47] |
Yes |
|
| All-cause mortality |
RR of 1.32 (1.20, 1.45) |
Yes |
6.7 |
[47] |
Yes |
|
| ZnD | Stunting |
Children 24–59 months: Height for age z-score is reduced by 0.17 |
Yes |
6.8 |
[15] |
Yes |
| Diarrhea |
RR of 1.25 (1.11, 1.41) |
No |
6.9 |
[15] |
Yes |
|
| Respiratory diseases |
RR of 1.18 (1.03, 1.33) |
No |
6.10 |
[15] |
Yes |
|
| All-cause mortality | RR: 0.95 (0.81, 1.11). The model thus assumes no effect of ZnD on mortality. | Yes | 6.11 | [15] | Yes |
Health consequences are assumed to be valid and equal for both age groups, with the exception of health impairments due to ZND and cognitive impairment due to IDA.