Figure 4. Kin selection, male-female cooperative assortment and density-dependent evolutionary dynamics of Coalition Males.

For all panels, each frequency of Cooperative Mothers () and Coalition Males (), 100 parameter sets were randomly drawn from ranges in Table 1 to estimate the distribution of when the fitness of Coalition Males is greater than that of Non-coalition Males (). Dark regions indicate when the mean of those distributions at a specific value of and favor Coalition Males. The level of kin selection () is the same across panel rows and the level of positive assortment between Cooperative Mothers and Coalition Males () is the same within a column of panels.