Table 1. Characteristics of the study population.
| All | Type 2 Diabetes | |||
| No | Yes | p a | ||
| N (%) | 4135 (100) | 3871 (100) | 264 (100)b | N/A |
| Gender, N (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Men | 2157 (52) | 1991 (51) | 166 (63) | |
| Women | 1978 (48) | 1880 (49) | 98 (37) | |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 55 (12) | 54 (11) | 64 (10) | <0.001 |
| Educational level, N (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Primary school | 406 (10) | 349 (9) | 57 (22) | |
| Lower secondary education | 1225 (29) | 1120 (29) | 105 (40) | |
| Higher secondary education | 1108 (27) | 1054 (27) | 54 (20) | |
| University | 1396 (34) | 1348 (35) | 48 (18) | |
| Cardiovascular disease history, N (%) | 296 (7) | 250 (7) | 46 (17) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular risk factors | ||||
| Smoking, N (%) | 979 (24) | 926 (24) | 53 (20) | 0.17 |
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 27 (4) | 27 (4) | 30 (5) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean (SD) | 126 (18) | 125 (18) | 136 (19) | <0.001 |
| Glucose (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 4.88 (0.95) | 4.72 (0.58) | 7.24 (1.82) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 5.36 (1.06) | 5.41 (1.03) | 4.69 (1.22) | <0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 1.41 (0.38) | 1.42 (0.38) | 1.17 (0.33) | <0.001 |
| Non-HDL cholesterol (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 3.96 (1.03) | 3.99 (1.01) | 3.51 (1.20) | <0.001 |
| Microalbuminuria, N (%) | 600 (15) | 498 (13) | 102 (39) | <0.001 |
| APOE ε4 carriership c , N (%) | 1166 (28) | 1089 (28) | 77 (29) | 0.69 |
| RFFT score (points), mean (SD) | 69 (26) | 70 (26) | 51 (19) | <0.001 |
| VAT score (points) d , median (IQR) | 10 (9–11) | 10 (9–11) | 9 (8–11) | <0.001 |
| Low performance (≤10 points), N (%) | 2425 (59) | 2232 (58) | 193 (73) | <0.001 |
| High performance (≥11 points), N (%) | 1628 (39) | 1561 (40) | 67 (25) | |
Abbreviations: RFFT, Ruff Figural Fluency Test; VAT, Visual Association Test; SD, standard deviation; IQR, interquartile range; N/A, not applicable.
a p-values refer to comparisons between persons with and without diabetes.
b
Prevalence of type 2 diabetes in total study population was 6% (N = 264).
c
Including ε2/ε4, ε3/ε4 and ε4/ε4. APOE ε4 carriership was unknown for 280 persons of the total study population (7%): with diabetes, 18 (7%) and without diabetes, 262 (7%).
d
VAT score was unknown for 82 persons of the total study population (2%): with diabetes, 4 (2%) and without diabetes, 78 (2%).