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Overview of the response to unfolded proteins in the intermembrane space (IMS) in mammals. ROS, produced by stressed mitochondria, activate protein kinase B (AKT), which consequently phosphorylates estrogen receptor α (ERα). Activated ERα then induces IMS protein quality control by increasing the activity of proteasome 26S and inducing the transcription of IMS protease HTRA2 and mitochondrial regulator NRF1.
