Table 1.

Sample Characteristics

	Analyzed Sample		Punishment Insensitivity				Low Concern
	N	%	Norm ative	Mod High	High	χ2	Norm ative	Mod High	High	χ2
	(N=157)		(n=100)	(n=29)	(n=28)		(n=94)	(n=32)	(n=31)
Boys	82	52.2	47	58.6	64.3	3.2	56.4	40.6	51.6	2.4
Girls	75	47.8	53	41.4	35.7		43.6	59.4	48.4
Ethnicity/Race
Caucasian/White	33	21	28	17.2	0	14.9*	19.2	28.1	19.4	2.5
African American/Black	80	51	43	55.2	75		52.1	46.9	51.6
Hispanic	42	26.8	28	27.6	21.4		26.6	25	29
Other	2	1.3	1	0	3.6		2.1	0	0
Maternal Education
< HS	6	3.9	4.1	0	7.4	7.3	2.2	9.4	3.2	6.6
High school degree/GED	32	20.8	20.4	10.3	33.3		22	9.4	29
Some education> HS	116	75.3	75.5	89.7	59.3		75.8	81.3	67.7
Poverty status
Non-poor	54	34.4	45	13.8	17.9	21.9***	34	46.9	22.6	7.1
Borderline poverty	22	14	17	13.8	3.6		13.8	18.8	9.7
Poverty	81	51.6	38	72.4	78.6		52.1	34.4	67.7
Single parent home	39	24.8	23	20.7	35.7	2.2	25.5	21.9	25.8	0.2
Two parent home	118	75.2	77	79.3	64.3		74.5	78.1	74.2
Intimate partner violence	45	35.7	32.9	37.5	42.1	0.6	39.2	30.8	28	1.3

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