Fig. 2.

Gene mutations and signaling pathways in thyroid carcinomas. Simplified schematic diagrams are shown of the RAS/MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways. Proteins with reported mutations in thyroid carcinomas are in red. There are many protein targets of these pathways that contribute to oncogenesis, some of which are common to both pathways. A subset of these targets is shown. A question mark appears with the arrow from PAX8-PPARG because the mechanisms by which this fusion protein contributes to oncogenesis are not well understood. Similarly, the arrow from IDH1 has a question mark since the mechanisms by which IDH1 mutations contribute to thyroid cancer are poorly understood. RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase.