Table 1.

Phenotypes of Germ-line PCSK Knock-out Mice

Germ-line KO	Phenotype	Reference
PCSK1	Severe postnatal growth retardation Multiple defects in processing hormone precursors Hyperproinsulinemia, but normal glucagon processing	[13, 75]
PCSK2	Normal embryonic development, but grow at a slightly reduced rate Reduced adiposity Chronic fasting hypoglycemia, enhanced glucose tolerance Impaired maturation of multiple regulatory peptides or precursor proteins	[17, 86, 88, 153-160]
FURIN	Deficient embryos die between embryonic day 10.5 and 11.5 Failure of ventral closure and axial rotation Cardiovascular defects Absence of chorioallantoic fusion	[9]
PCSK4	Impaired fertility	[15]
PCSK5	Lethal at birth due to multiple craniofacial and patterning abnormalities	[10, 11]
PCSK6	Complex craniofacial malformations Heterotaxia, combined with pulmonary isomerism	[12]
PCSK7	Anxiolytic and novelty seeking phenotype	[18, 17]