Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of the study participantsa.
| Characteristic | All | Usual care | Coach-led | Self-directed | F/χ 2 (degree of freedom) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body mass index 25 ≤ 30 | ||||||
| Age, year | 53.8 ± 10.5 | 53.7 ± 10.3 | 54.7 ± 10.9 | 53.1 ± 10.6 | 0.22 (2, 108) | 0.80 |
| Female, % | 32.4 | 32.4 | 33.3 | 31.6 | 0.03 (2) | 0.99 |
| Race/ethnicity, % | 3.29 (6) | 0.77 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 72.1 | 75.7 | 66.7 | 73.7 | ||
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 22.5 | 18.9 | 27.8 | 21.1 | ||
| Latino/Hispanic | 4.5 | 5.4 | 5.6 | 2.6 | ||
| College level or above, % | 97.2 | 97.2 | 94.3 | 100.0 | 2.22 (2) | 0.33 |
| Income, % | 6.62 (6) | 0.36 | ||||
| <$75,000 | 10.3 | 13.9 | 8.8 | 8.1 | ||
| $75,000–$124,999 | 30.8 | 27.8 | 41.2 | 24.3 | ||
| $125,000–$149,999 | 15.9 | 8.3 | 20.6 | 18.9 | ||
| $150,000+ | 43.0 | 50.0 | 29.4 | 48.6 | ||
| Weight, kg | 83.8 ± 9.9 | 85.4 ± 9.1 | 82.6 ± 10.2 | 83.5 ± 10.6 | 0.77 (2, 108) | 0.46 |
| Waist, cm | 98.8 ± 6.4 | 98.3 ± 6.4 | 98.0 ± 6.4 | 100.1 ± 6.4 | 1.14 (2, 108) | 0.32 |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL | 100.3 ± 9.3 | 99.9 ± 9.5 | 101.4 ± 9.3 | 99.6 ± 9.2 | 0.39 (2, 108) | 0.68 |
| Prediabetes, % | 56.8 | 62.2 | 61.1 | 47.4 | 2.08 (2) | 0.35 |
| Metabolic syndrome, % | 80.2 | 67.6 | 88.9 | 84.2 | 5.81 (2) | 0.06 |
| Prediabetes and metabolic syndrome, % | 36.9 | 29.7 | 50.0 | 31.6 | 3.93 (2) | 0.14 |
|
| ||||||
| Body mass index 30 ≤ 35 | ||||||
| Age, year | 54.0 ± 10.8 | 54.5 ± 11.1 | 55.3 ± 12.9 | 52.3 ± 7.9 | 0.51 (2, 72) | 0.60 |
| Female, % | 50.7 | 44.0 | 50.0 | 58.3 | 1.01 (2) | 0.60 |
| Race/ethnicity, % | 5.25 (6) | 0.51 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 80.0 | 80.0 | 80.8 | 79.2 | ||
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 14.7 | 16.0 | 7.7 | 20.8 | ||
| Latino/Hispanic | 4.0 | 4.0 | 7.7 | 0.0 | ||
| College level or above, % | 97.3 | 96.0 | 96.2 | 100.0 | 0.97 (2) | 0.62 |
| Income, % | 5.16 (6) | 0.52 | ||||
| <$75,000 | 12.5 | 8.7 | 15.4 | 13.0 | ||
| $75,000–$124,999 | 23.6 | 30.4 | 23.1 | 17.4 | ||
| $125,000–$149,999 | 9.7 | 0.0 | 15.4 | 13.0 | ||
| $150,000+ | 54.2 | 60.9 | 46.2 | 56.5 | ||
| Weight, kg | 94.2 ± 13.8 | 94.2 ± 12.9 | 97.2 ± 14.5 | 91.0 ± 13.8 | 1.26 (2, 72) | 0.29 |
| Waist, cm | 106.7 ± 8.1 | 106.2 ± 8.9 | 109.2 ± 7.1 | 104.4 ± 7.9 | 2.35 (2, 72) | 0.10 |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL | 100.3 ± 10.4 | 98.7 ± 8.6 | 100.4 ± 10.9 | 101.8 ± 11.6 | 0.52 (2, 72) | 0.60 |
| Prediabetes, % | 50.7 | 44.0 | 50.0 | 58.3 | 1.01 (2) | 0.60 |
| Metabolic syndrome, % | 88.0 | 92.0 | 80.8 | 91.7 | 1.97 (2) | 0.37 |
| Prediabetes and metabolic syndrome, % | 38.7 | 36.0 | 30.8 | 50.0 | 2.06 (2) | 0.36 |
|
| ||||||
| Body mass index 35+ | ||||||
| Age, year | 49.7 ± 10.1 | 47.4 ± 10.6 | 53.4 ± 8.5 | 48.6 ± 10.4 | 1.79 (2, 52) | 0.18 |
| Female, % | 69.1 | 73.7 | 76.5 | 57.9 | 1.74 (2) | 0.42 |
| Race/ethnicity, % | 2.58 (4) | 0.63 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 87.3 | 78.9 | 94.1 | 89.5 | ||
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 9.1 | 15.8 | 5.9 | 5.3 | ||
| Latino/Hispanic | 3.6 | 5.3 | 0.0 | 5.3 | ||
| College level or above, % | 98.2 | 94.7 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 1.93 (2) | 0.38 |
| Income, % | 5.15 (6) | 0.52 | ||||
| <$75,000 | 14.8 | 10.5 | 23.5 | 11.1 | ||
| $75,000–$124,999 | 22.2 | 26.3 | 29.4 | 11.1 | ||
| $125,000–$149,999 | 13.0 | 10.5 | 5.9 | 22.2 | ||
| $150,000+ | 50.0 | 52.6 | 41.2 | 55.6 | ||
| Weight, kg | 113.4 ± 18.2 | 116.0 ± 20.0 | 111.6 ± 15.0 | 112.6 ± 19.4 | 0.29 (2, 52) | 0.75 |
| Waist, cm | 120.1 ± 10.9 | 121.9 ± 11.7 | 117.3 ± 9.7 | 120.4 ± 11.4 | 0.78 (2, 52) | 0.46 |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL | 98.7 ± 8.6 | 98.7 ± 8.7 | 98.7 ± 9.3 | 98.8 ± 8.3 | 0.00 (2, 52) | 0.99 |
| Prediabetes, % | 54.5 | 52.6 | 58.8 | 52.6 | 0.18 (2) | 0.91 |
| Metabolic syndrome, % | 98.2 | 100.0 | 94.1 | 100.0 | 2.28 (2) | 0.32 |
| Prediabetes and metabolic syndrome, % | 52.7 | 52.6 | 52.9 | 52.6 | 0.0005 (2) | 0.99 |
aPlus-minus values are means ± SD.