Table 4.

Within- and between-brood effects derived from within-group centering of traits, for which HFCs were significant (see Tables 1–3)

Marker set	Trait	Variable	Estimate	SE	Test statistics	P
Neutral	Swelling response	Within * flea infestation	−43.391	13.894	F = 9.753	0.002
		Between * flea infestation	177.913	51.368	F = 11.996	0.001
	Feather length	Within * flea infestation	6.311	2.633	F = 5.746	0.017
		Between * flea infestation	−4.218	15.413	F = 0.075	0.785
	Body condition	Within * flea infestation * sex	−4.316	2.032	F = 4.510	0.034
		Between * flea infestation * sex	−3.802	2.826	F = 1.810	0.180
Functional	Swelling response	Within	−8.992	4.33	F = 4.313	0.038
		between	−4.301	13.759	F = 0.098	0.755
Neutral	Survival	Within * flea infestation	8.487	5.163	z = 1.644	0.1
		Between * flea infestation	22.515	20.154	z = 1.117	0.264

Results from linear mixed-effect models and GLMM in case of nestling survival. All models included the variables retained in the final models reported previously. Models included nest identity as random factor to control for the nonindependence among siblings. In the model for the swelling response, the random structure was fitted as nest identity nested within observer. Significant effects are shown in bold.