(b) Human studies
| Citation | Subjects | Exercise program | Diet restriction | Duration of intervention | WAT used in experiment | Effects of TR on expression of adipokines in WAT | Changes of body mass (BM), body mass index (BMI), fat mass (FM), and % body fat mass (% BFM) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christiansen et al. [32] | Obese exercise (9 m, 10 f) | Aerobic exercise for 65–75 min on 3 times/week (energy expenditure of 500–600 kcal/session) | None | 12 weeks | Abdominal subcutaneous WAT | Leptin mRNA: NS TNF-α mRNA: NS MCP-1 mRNA: NS Adiponectin mRNA: increase (P < 0.01) IL-6 mRNA: NS |
BM and BMI: NS Changes in body weight after intervention were 3.5% |
|
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| Christiansen et al. [32] | Obese exercise + hypocaloric diet (10 m, 11 f) | Same as above | Very low energy diet (800 kcal/day) for 8 weeks followed by a weight maintenance diet for 4 weeks | 12 weeks | Abdominal subcutaneous WAT | Leptin mRNA: decrease (P < 0.01) TNF-α mRNA: NS MCP-1 mRNA: NS Adiponectin mRNA: increase (P < 0.01) IL-6 mRNA: NS |
BM and BMI: NS changes in body weight after intervention were 11.1% |
| Obese hypocaloric diet (10 m, 9 f) | None | Very low energy diet (600 kcal/day) for 8 weeks followed by a weight maintenance diet for 4 weeks | 12 weeks | Abdominal subcutaneous WAT | Leptin mRNA: decrease (P < 0.01) TNF-α mRNA: NS MCP-1 mRNA: NS Adiponectin mRNA: increase (P < 0.01) IL-6 mRNA: NS |
BM and BMI: NS changes in body weight after intervention were 10.5% |
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| Bruun et al. [33] | Obese (11 m, 12 f) | Exercise training consisted of at least 2-3 h of moderate intensity physical activity (e.g., walking, swimming, aerobics) on 5 times/week | Hypocaloric diet calculated to reduce the subject's body weight by ~1%/week |
15 weeks | Abdominal subcutaneous WAT | TNF-α mRNA: decrease (P < 0.01) MCP-1 mRNA: NS Adiponectin mRNA: increase (P < 0.001) IL-6 mRNA: decrease (P < 0.05) |
BM, BMI, and FM: decrease |
Results are reported as mean ± SD or SE; P value reported for sedentary control group versus exercise trained group or pre- versus postvalues. f: female; HFD: high fat diet; m: male; NS: not significant; O2 max: maximal oxygen uptake; WAT: white adipose tissue.