Table 3.
Descriptive (mean [M], standard deviation [SD]) and inferential statistics (estimated marginal means [EM], standard estimated error values [SEE]) related to GFTA-2 standard scores for preschool-age children who do (CWS, n = 128) and do not stutter (CWNS, n = 149). It should be noted that EM and SEE values were derived from the generalized estimating equations models (GEE). These derived EM and SEE values, which correspond with the reported Wald χ2, p, and β, represent adjusted M and SD that account for covariates included in the statistical models (e.g., gender) described in Results (Section 3).
| Overall Between-Group Differences | Between-Group Differences Stratified by Age | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 year-olds | 4 year-olds | 5 year-olds | ||||||
| Talker Group | CWS | CWNS | CWS | CWNS | CWS | CWNS | CWS | CWNS |
| N | 128 | 149 | 62 | 57 | 51 | 58 | 15 | 34 |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Male | 101 | 76 | 45 | 27 | 43 | 28 | 13 | 21 |
| Female | 27 | 73 | 17 | 30 | 8 | 30 | 2 | 13 |
| GFTA-2 Standard Score | ||||||||
| Descriptive Statistics | ||||||||
| M (SD) | 105.06 (11.45) | 106.32 (12.92) | 108.34 (9.64) | 107.6 (13.86) | 102.27 (12.63) | 107.72 (12.28) | 101 (11.02) | 101.79 (11.59) |
| Inferential Statistics | ||||||||
| EM (SEE) | 105.61 (1.06) | 105.87 (1.06) | 108.38 (1.30) | 107.59 (1.82) | 104.63 (1.77) | 106.60 (1.59) | 104.31 (2.77) | 102.77 (1.71) |
| Wald χ2 (df) | 1.02 (1) | .12 (1) | .666 (1) | .20 (1) | ||||
| p | .312 | .729 | .415 | .655 | ||||
| β | −.06 | −.007 | .019 | −.015 | ||||