Table 1.

Some diseases associated or potentially associated with biome depletion

Disease	Confirmed in humansa	Supported by animal models	Industrializedb	Role of immunity	Role of gender	Referencesc
Confirmed or very highly probable
Asthma		✓	✓	✓	✓	[3]
Food allergies		✓	✓	✓	✓	[54]
Hay fever or rhinitus		✓	✓	✓	✓	[12]
Multiple sclerosis	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	[55]
Eczema (some common types)		✓	✓	✓	✓	[56, 57]
Lupus		✓	✓	✓	✓	[6, 58]
Type 1 diabetes		✓	✓	✓	✓	[59–61]
Inflammatory bowel disease	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	[37]
Very probable based on role of immunity and other factors
Appendicitis			✓	✓	✓	[3]
Graves’ disease			✓	✓	✓	[6]
Eczema (some non-allergic types)			✓	✓	✓	[57]
Non-tropical sprue (celiac disease or gluten enteropathy)			✓	✓	✓	[62]
Migraine headaches			✓	✓	✓	[63]
Autism associated with autoantibodies			Contested	✓	✓	[11, 51]
Heart disease (in part)			✓	✓	✓	[64]
Hives (urticaria)			✓	✓	✓	[65]
Schizophrenia			✓	✓	✓	[52, 66, 67]
Dandruff			✓	✓	✓	[68]
Suspect based on some aspects of the disease
Chronic fatigue syndrome			Not known	✓	✓	[69]
All autism			Contested	Contested	✓	[11]
Potential contributions to a range of neurological disorders associated with attention deficiency, bipolar behavior, anxiety, obsessive compulsiveness and depression			Additional studies needed	When known	Usually	[8, 70–72]
Contribution to inflammation associated with injury			Unknown	✓	Unknown	[73]
Psoriatic arthritis			Unknown	✓	No	[74]

^aConfirmed in the sense that addition of helminths either reverses disease or halts the progression of disease. ^bAssociated with industrialized society more so than hunter–gatherer or traditional agrarian societies, i.e. the epidemiology is consistent with biome depletion. ^cWhen applicable, the literature cited refers to papers that connect specific diseases with biome depletion. In other cases, the literature cited refers to the epidemiology of disease.