Table 2.
Characteristics of Study Participants by Their Glycemic Status
| Group 1 (mean A1c ≤7.4%) | Group 2 (mean A1c 7.5–8.4%) | Group 3 (mean A1c 8.5–9.4%) | Group 4 (mean A1c ≥9.5%) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of patients |
66 |
120 |
74 |
85 |
NA |
| Age (years) |
19.4 (3.3) |
18.1 (3.0) |
18.2 (3.4) |
19.2 (3.1) |
0.02 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) |
9.5 (3.7) |
9.5 (3.0) |
10.7 (3.9) |
10.2 (3.7) |
0.1 |
| Female sex |
28 (42%) |
54 (45%) |
37 (50%) |
48 (56%) |
0.1 |
| Race/ethnicity |
|
|
|
|
0.18 |
| Non-Hispanic white |
58 (88%) |
106 (88%) |
61 (82%) |
54 (63%) |
|
| Other |
8 (12%) |
14 (12%) |
13 (18%) |
31 (37%) |
|
| A1c (%) |
6.6 (0.7) |
7.6 (0.8) |
8.3 (1.0) |
9.2 (1.8) |
<0.0001 |
| BMI z-score |
0.49 (0.8) |
0.40 (0.9) |
0.43 (0.93) |
0.46 (1.08) |
0.95 |
| Waist circumference (cm) |
75.0 (12.0) |
70.6 (11.6) |
71.3 (15.0) |
72.9 (12.8) |
0.15 |
| LDL-c (mmol/L) |
2.3 (0.5) |
2.5 (0.6) |
2.4 (0.5) |
2.5 (0.5) |
0.37 |
| HDL-c (mmol/L) |
1.3 (0.3) |
1.4 (0.3) |
1.5 (0.3) |
1.4 (0.3) |
0.10 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/dL) |
0.6 (0.2) |
0.7(0.3) |
0.6 (0.2) |
0.8 (0.5) |
0.0006 |
| Blood pressure (mm Hg) | |||||
| Systolic |
104.1 (10.4) |
102.4 (9.6) |
99.6 (9.9) |
103.4 (9.7) |
0.052 |
| Diastolic |
65.1 (9.7) |
65.1 (8.5) |
65.4 (7.6) |
68.0 (8.9) |
0.12 |
| Elevated ACR >3.5 mg/mmol |
1 (%) |
7 (7%) |
3 (6%) |
8 (14%) |
0.1 |
| Smokers |
|
|
|
|
0.09 |
| Never |
39 (80%) |
78 (95%) |
38 (81%) |
50 (85%) |
|
| Former |
7 (14%) |
3 (4%) |
8 (17%) |
8 (14%) |
|
| Current |
3 (6%) |
1 (1%) |
1 (2%) |
1 (1%) |
|
| SDNN (ms) |
77.9 (33.0) |
75.9 (36.5) |
67.6 (7.6) |
55.14 (25.2) |
0.0002 |
| RMSSD (ms) |
70.9 (33.0) |
70.7 (43.7) |
58.8 (44.5) |
49.4 (29.9) |
0.0018 |
| LF:HF ratio | 1.1 (0.9) | 1.2 (1.1) | 1.6 (2.0) | 1.2 (1.1) | 0.17 |
Data are mean (SD) values or number (%) as indicated.
A1c, glycated hemoglobin; ACR, albumin/creatinine ratio; BMI, body mass index; HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LF:HF ratio, low frequency:high frequency ratio; NA, not applicable; RMSSD, root mean square difference of successive RR intervals; SDNN, SD of normal RR intervals.