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. 2013 Nov 6;155(1):204–214. doi: 10.1210/en.2013-1624

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Sex differences in sleep and wakefulness are hormonally modulated. A, Gonadal steroid replacement and analysis paradigm-within animal design. B, There are no differences in sleep and wakefulness in females and males after GDX under baseline conditions in either the light or dark phase. C, E2 significantly increased wake and decreased both NREM and REM sleep in females, whereas T does not significantly alter sleep and wake in males. *, P < .05 vs oil. D, The magnitude of change by gonadal steroids was significantly different for REM sleep. E2 suppressed sleep by 64%, whereas T reduced it by 25%. *, P < .05 vs female. E, Sleep/wake modulation by E2 in females is determined during development and does not require further hormonal events during puberty. Prepubertal OVX did not significantly affect female's responsivity to E2's arousing and sleep suppressive effects. *, P < .05 vs female. Data are represented as mean ± SEM.