A cluster at an ambient temperature of (a) 11°C and (b) 27°C, approximately 12 cm across (Photo courtesy of [18]). Note that number of bees inside the cluster is nearly constant; change in cluster width is a result of changes in bee packing fraction [1]. (c) Schematic of interior (Ω), and boundary (δΩ), with mantle–core structure. are radial, vertical directions in polar coordinates, R is the cluster radius.