(A) qPCR analysis to show fold changes in proteoglycan gene expression in atrioventricular canal regions isolated from post natal Scx−/− mice compared to wild type littermate controls. * p<0.05 using Student’s t-test, n=4. (B–E) Immunohistochemistry to detect chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) expression (green) in mitral valves (arrows, B, C) and atria (D, E) from post natal wild type (Scx+/+)(B, D) and Scx−/−(C, E) mice. Blue indicates DAPI-stained cell nuclei, red indicates wheat germ agglutinin staining (cell membranes). mv, tricuspid valve.