Table 1.
Summary of Known Human Transglutaminases
| Protein | Synonyms | Gene locus/ chromosomal location | Structure/species (if not human) | Tissue distribution | Cellular location of active enzyme | Likely physiological substrates for cross-linking |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TG1 |
Epidermal transglutaminase |
TGM1/14q11.2 |
|
Skin (keratinocytes) |
Plasma membrane, extracellular |
Keratin, stratum corneum proteins |
| TG2 |
Tissue transglutaminase (tTG), transglutaminase C (TG-C), and Gh |
TGM2/20q11-12 |
1kv3 (inactive), 2q3z (active) |
All tissues (See text) |
Intracellular, plasma membrane, extracellular |
Collagen, elastin, fibronectin, fibrinogen, laminin, latent transforming growth factor-β-binding protein-1, nidogen, osteocalcin, osteonectin, osteopontin and vitronectin, wide variety of intracellular proteins |
| TG3 |
Epidermal transglutaminase |
TGM3/20q11-12 |
|
Skin |
Extracellular |
Trichohyalin (hair) |
| TG4 |
Prostate transglutaminase, TGP |
TGM5/3p22-p21.33 |
|
Prostate |
Extracellular |
Unknown |
| TG5 |
|
TGM5/15q15.2 |
|
Skina |
Extracellular |
Vimetinb |
| TG6 |
|
TGM6/20p13 |
|
Central nervous system |
Unknown |
Unknown |
| TG7 |
Transglutaminase Z |
TGM7/15q15.2 |
|
Unknown |
Unknown |
Unknown |
| Factor XIIIa (A=activated form of zymogen) | Factor XIII, Fibrin Stabilizing Factor | F13A1/6p24–25 | Produced in liver, secreted into blood. Also in a range of extracellular fluids | Extracellular | Fibrin (can also substitute for TG2 in broad extracellular matrix cross-linking). |
a
Tissue distribution not well characterized.
b
Substrates only partly defined.
Data from ref. 241 and http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov