Table 2. Three rotation patterns at the papillary muscle short-axis levels (mean ± SD).

Periods	Clockwise rotation		Counterclockwise rotation		Counterclockwise-clockwise rotation
	Time (ms)	Total (°)	Time (ms)	Total (°)	Time (ms)	Total (°)
Q	0	0	0	0	0	0
IVS	31.33±5.65	−0.64±0.95	34.46±6.63	−0.09±0.70	31.76±7.69	0.36±2.28
AVO	57.17±11.81	−0.89±0.53	68.31±13.10	0.81±1.44	62.22±13.71	0.70±0.88
25%AVO	129.83±12.95	−1.36±0.86	140.31±15.64	3.88±2.27	131.19±15.09	2.50±1.53
50%AVO	202.50±16.07	−3.49±1.59	212.77±19.15	2.89±2.30	200.54±18.02	0.00±2.12
75%AVO	275.17±20.27	−4.22±2.04	281.46±23.73	2.63±1.78	270.59±22.01	−2.23±2.48
AVC	348.33±24.16	−4.08±2.55	349.23±26.27	2.60±1.56	338.81±26.70	−3.41±2.84
IVR	396.00±22.02	−3.59±2.94	392.46±31.17	2.33±2.02	376.30±30.49	−3.42±2.81
MVO	442.33±28.54	−2.32±3.42	432.31±38.12	2.32±2.33	412.68±37.48	−2.57±2.69
E-peak	507.17±29.03	−1.41±2.49	521.15±36.00	1.00±1.95	497.78±38.27	−0.67±2.53
E-end	639.17±39.10	−1.70±1.99	637.08±58.01	−1.05±1.59	622.41±58.03	−1.48±1.74
A-onset	733.00±108.92	−1.93±2.03	769.08±122.67	−1.26±1.18	711.05±113.21	−1.86±1.44
A-end	805.00±87.95	−1.11±1.39	834.46±117.67	−0.21±1.23	774.76±114.27	−1.02±1.40
Q-2	880.00±104.98	0	899.46±116.75	0	847.54±132.55	0
AVO-2	931.17±99.03	−0.75±0.52	959.23±121.86	0.47±1.63	911.43±133.03	−0.66±1.08

When viewed from the above values, positive values were considered as countclockwise rotation, while negative values were considered as clockwise rotation.