Table 3.

Studies of Computer-Based Neuropsychological Test Batteries

Battery Name	Normal Aging	Mild Cognitive Impairment	Alzheimer’s Disease & Dementia	Parkinson’s Disease	Head Injury	Other
ANAM	Repeated assessments in military populations are necessary to establish stable performance (Eonta et al., 2011). Normative data for assessment of TBI in military population (Vincent et al., 2012).		100% classification compared to healthy older adults (Levinson et al., 2005).	Variable subtest reliability but high global reliability for cognitive changes in PD (Hawkins et al., 2012). Differentiation between impaired PD and controls (Kane et al., 2007).	Strong construct validity demonstrated in TBI population (Bleiberg et al., 2000). Erratic and inconsistent stability in performance within-and across-days compared to controls (Bleiberg et al., 1997). Sensitive to improvements in cognition post-concussion (Daniel et al. 1999). 91.6% classification rate for TBI versus controls (Levinson & Reeves, 1997). Poorer performance in TBI compared to controls (Bryan & Hernandez, 2012). No relationship between number of lifetime TBIs and ANAM performance (Ivins et al., 2009).
CANTAB	Overall performance declined with age and IQ (Robbins et al., 1994). Practice effects present in healthy elderly (Lowe & Rabbitt, 1998). Paired associates learning and spatial recognition subtests distinguished pre-clinical memory deficits from healthy controls (de Jager & Budge, 2005). Sensitive to executive function deficits in normal aging (Robbins et al., 1998).	Paired associate learning subtest was sensitive to amnestic MCI (Junkkila et al., 2012; Egerhazi et al., 2007).	Longitudinal assessment with CANTAB differentiated early stages of dementia from controls (Fowler et al., 2002). Paired associate learning subtest was sensitive to Alzheimer’s disease (Egerhazi et al., 2007; O’Connell et al., 2004; Sahgal et al., 1991). Visual-spatial and visual memory impairments could distinguish stages of AD (Sahakian et al., 1988; Sahgal et al., 1991). Memory impairment without attentional deficits in AD (Sahakian et al., 1990).	Tower subtest was sensitive to cognitive deficits in PD (McKinlay et al., 2009), including planning time and spatial working memory (Morris et al., 1988). Visual search and set-shifting deficits in PD patients (Downes et al., 1989).		ADHD: Significantly more impairment in ADHD than controls (Fried et al., 2012; Gau & Shang, 2010). Used widely to assess executive functioning skills in ADHD and effects of medication on symptoms (see review in Chamberlain et al., 2011).
CAMCOG	Assessments with the CAMCOG were not as sensitive to mild memory problems compared to CANTAB (de Jager & Budge, 2005). Useful screening tool for populations with low-education (Aprahamian et al., 2011a).	Language, Memory, Praxis, and Calculation subscales were sensitive to MCI (Aprahamian et al., 2011b). Reduced version of CAMCOG was sensitive to MCI (Aprahamian et al., 2011b).	Sensitive as an initial screening of cognitive deficits in Alzheimer’s disease (Heinik et al., 2004). Orientations and Memory subscales were sensitive to AD deficits and conversion from MCI to AD (Conde-Sala et al., 2012). Total scores sensitive to conversion from MCI to dementia (Gallagher et al., 2010). Distinguished MCI from dementia (Nunes et al., 2008).	Decline in performance over 13-month period (Athey & Walker, 2006). Sensitive to previously undetected cognitive deficits in PD (Athey et al., 2005; Hobson & Meara, 1999).		Stroke: CAMCOG-R is comparable to CAMCOG in detection of cognitive deficits in stroke patients (te Winkel-Witlox et al., 2008; Leeds et al., 2001). CAMCOG-R demonstrated 83% sensitivity to post-stroke dementia (de Koning et al., 2005).
CNS Vital Signs	Test-retest reliability and normative data for decades of normal aging (Gualtieri & Johnson, 2005).	Distinguished MCI from normal aging (Gualtieri & Johnson, 2005).	Distinguished dementia from mild cognitive impairment on subscales of memory, processing speed, and cognitive flexibility (Gualtieri & Johnson, 2005).		Subscales of psychomotor speed and cognitive flexibility were most sensitive to severity level of TBI (Gualtieri & Johnson, 2008). Good discriminant validity for post-concussion and severe TBI (Gualtieri & Johnson, 2006).	ADHD: Good discriminant validity for both treated and untreated ADHD symptoms (Gualtieri & Johnson, 2006).
CogState	Effective test-retest reliability for monitoring mild decline in normal aging over 12-month period (Darby et al., 2012). Stability in performance over 12 months (Fredrickson, 2010). Practice effects were most significant between 1st and 2nd administrations in one day (Collie et al., 2003). Practice effects were present at one-week follow-up but were significantly reduced after one month (Falleti et al., 2006). Factor analysis for performance stability on GMLT subscale (Pietrzak et al., 2008). Decline in performance associated with amount of cerebral amyloid in non-demented older adults (Darby et al., 2011).	Continuous Paired Associate Learning was sensitive to amnestic MCI (Harel et al., 2011). Working and delayed memory were most impaired for MCI (Lim et al., 2012). Continuous learning task performance significantly declined for amnestic MCI participants over 12 months (Maruff et al., 2004). Multiple administrations in one day reliably distinguished MCI from healthy older adults (Darby et al., 2002).	Distinguished from healthy older adults by 3rd and 4th administration in 3-hour span (Darby et al., 2011). Minimal practice effects (Hammers et al., 2011). Inability to distinguish different dementia types (Hammers et al., 2012).		Development of criterion validity measures for mild head injury (Maruff et al., 2009).	ADHD: Differentiated from healthy controls (Yamashita et al., 2011)
						Stroke: Detection and Identification task performance 2 weeks after stroke was related to 3-month follow-up testing (Cumming et al., 2012).
Mindstreams	Participant and administrator feedback for older adult samples (Fillit et al., 2008).	MCI performed more poorly than older adult controls (Doniger et al., 2005, 2006, 2009; Dwolatzky et al., 2003, 2004; Osher et al., 2011).	Distinguished from healthy older adults (Dwolatzky et al., 2010) and MCI (Doniger, 2006; Dwolatzky et al., 2004).	Mild dementia and MCI discrimination (Doniger et al., 2005). Distinguished by severity on CDR assessment (Dwolatzky et al., 2010).		ADHD: Increased problems with sustained attention in ADHD relative to controls (Schweiger et al., 2007).

Note. ANAM = Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics; CANTAB = Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery; CAMCOG = Cambridge Cognition Examination; CAMCOG-R = Cambridge Cognitive Assessment – Revised; CDR = Clinical Dementia Rating; MCI = Mild Cognitive Impairment; ADHD = Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder