Anosmin-1 promotes tumor growth in vivo. (A) Tumor volume (V) was calculated using the formula, V=π×(length (mm))×(width (mm))2/6. Tumor doubling time was generated from the slope of a plot of ln(V) against time (days post transplantation). Mean tumor doubling times were 8.12±0.72 days for the control group and 6.11±0.98 days for the LN229 His-KAL group (P=0.0023, two-tailed t-test). (B) Images of a xenograft tumor grown in the NSG mice. This His-KAL tumor showed prominent vasculature and attachment to the surrounding tissues. (C) Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of the tumour tissue indicates the characteristics of malignant glioblastoma, such as pleomorphic cells, mitoses, and areas of necrosis, with a high Ki67 score (Supplementary Table 4) in both groups. Infiltration of the His-KAL tumor into the liver and diaphragm is identified by H&E staining.