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Phylum-level changes in intestinal microbiota with TPN. Enteric bacteria from TPN-dependent mice (A) demonstrate a relative increase in Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes vs. fed mice (B), where Firmicutes dominates. MyD88−/− mice, with defective TLR signaling, demonstrate an additional expansion of Verrucomicrobia with TPN-dependence (C) vs. fed controls (D). Akkermansia species predominate among the Verrucomicrobia. Adapted from Miyasaka et al. (2013).
