Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the subjects.
| Variables | Cases (n = 194) | Controls (n = 169) | P valuea | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years (median) | 66.52 ± 7.16 (68.0) | 60.13 ± 3.30 (61.0) | <0.001 | ||
| Serum PSA, ng/mL (median) | 21.28 ± 28.15 (9.8) | 1.47 ± 1.63 (1.0) | <0.001 | ||
| Serum PSA (ng/mL), no. | <0.001 | ||||
| <4 | 11 (5.7%) | 160 (94.7%) | |||
| 4–10 (≥4 to <10) | 87 (44.9%) | 8 (4.7%) | |||
| 10–20 (≥10 to <20) | 43 (22.2%) | 1 (0.6%) | |||
| ≥20 | 53 (27.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | |||
| BMI, kg/m2 (median) | 24.35 ± 2.60 (24.1) | 24.42 ± 2.34 (24.2) | 0.800 | ||
| BMI, no. | 0.388 | ||||
| <25 | 127 (65.5%) | 102 (61.1%) | |||
| ≥25 | 67 (34.5%) | 65 (38.9%) | |||
| Smoking, pack years (median) | 21.93 ± 21.75 (18.3) | 19.24 ± 20.60 (14.9) | 0.264 | ||
| Smoking status, no. | 0.672 | ||||
| Never | 52 (26.8%) | 42 (24.9%) | |||
| Ever | 142 (73.2%) | 127 (75.2%) | |||
| Drinking status, no. | 0.002 | ||||
| Never | 68 (35.1%) | 34 (20.1%) | |||
| Ever | 126 (65.0%) | 135 (79.9%) | |||
| Hypertension, no. | 0.502 | ||||
| No | 120 (61.9%) | 109 (65.3%) | |||
| Yes | 74 (38.1%) | 58 (34.7%) | |||
| Family history of prostate cancer† | 0.132 | ||||
| No | 186 (95.9%) | 146 (98.6%) | |||
| Yes | 8 (4.1%) | 2 (1.4%) | |||
| Gleason score, no. | |||||
| 2–6 | 99 (51.0%) | ||||
| 7 | 62 (32.0%) | ||||
| 8–10 | 33 (17.0%) | ||||
| pTstage, no. | |||||
| pT0 | 6 (3.1%) | ||||
| pT2a | 37 (19.1%) | ||||
| pT2b | 3 (1.6%) | ||||
| pT2c | 89 (45.9%) | ||||
| pT3a | 31 (16.0%) | ||||
| pT3b | 28 (14.4%) | ||||
|
| |||||
| Immunohistochemistry of AMACR | Serum PSA, ng/mL | P valuea | |||
| <4 | 4–10 (≥4 to <10) | 10–20 (≥10 to <20) | ≥20 | ||
|
| |||||
| 0 (no staining) | 1 (2.6%) | 10 (25.6%) | 7 (18%) | 21 (53.9%) | 0.004 |
| 1+ (weakly positive) | 0 (0%) | 16 (47.1%) | 9 (26.5%) | 9 (26.5%) | |
| 2+ (positive) | 5 (9.1%) | 25 (45.5%) | 12 (21.8%) | 13 (23.6%) | |
| 3+ (strongly positive) | 5 (7.7%) | 36 (55.4%) | 15 (23.1%) | 9 (13.9%) | |
PSA: prostate specific antigen; BMI: body mass index; no.: number; AMACR: (R)-alpha-methyl-CoA racemase.
aPearson's χ 2 test for categorical variables and independent t-test for continuous variables; two-sided P-values.
†“Family” represents relatives with the exception of first-degree relative, excluding 21 persons with missing values in the control group.