. 2013 Apr 12;4:97–108. doi: 10.2147/OAJSM.S43512

Table 2.

The muscle volumes and muscle volume ratios between segments

	Baseball	Soccer	Tennis	Lacrosse
Segmental muscle volume (cm³)
Upper arm
Right	806 ± 110^a,^b,^***	727 ± 100^b	745 ± 105^a,^b,^***	813 ± 95^a,^***
Left	770 ± 95^a	719 ± 88^a,^b	663 ± 99^b	788 ± 87^a
Forearm
Right	634 ± 84^a	544 ± 70^b	573 ± 82^b,^***	558 ± 55^b
Left	638 ± 87^a	535 ± 72^b	519 ± 66^b	556 ± 54^b
Thigh
Right	4270 ± 563	4092 ± 412^***	3909 ± 560	4164 ± 383
Left	4259 ± 538^a	3923 ± 470^a,^b	3839 ± 539^b	4106 ± 398^a,^b
Lower leg
Right	1484 ± 188^a	1398 ± 158^a,^b	1321 ± 161^b,^**	1494 ± 159^a
Left	1474 ± 183^a	1402 ± 159^a,^b	1287 ± 162^b	1491 ± 156^a
Muscle volume ratio
Ratio of dominant-to-nondominant limbs (%)
Upper arms	4.68 ± 5.47^b	0.89 ± 4.71^b	12.54 ± 5.88^a	3.20 ± 4.81^b
Forearms	−0.44 ± 5.49^b	1.69 ± 4.58^b	10.38 ± 4.35^a	0.30 ± 3.56^b
Thighs	0.24 ± 3.80^b	4.57 ± 3.93^a	1.81 ± 3.07^a,^b	1.56 ± 4.73^a,^b
Lower legs	0.74 ± 4.39	−0.18 ± 4.27	2.68 ± 2.33	0.30 ± 4.58
Ratio of proximal-to-distal limbs
Right arm	1.28 ± 0.13^b	1.34 ± 0.15^b	1.31 ± 0.18^b	1.46 ± 0.13^a
Left arm	1.22 ± 0.13^c	1.35 ± 0.11^a,^b	1.29 ± 0.20^b,^c	1.42 ± 0.12^a
Right leg	2.89 ± 0.28	2.94 ± 0.26	2.96 ± 0.27	2.80 ± 0.28
Left leg	2.90 ± 0.27	2.81 ± 0.28	2.99 ± 0.29	2.77 ± 0.30
Ratio of upper-to-lower limbs
Right side	0.251 ± 0.018^a	0.232 ± 0.020^b	0.253 ± 0.017^a	0.242 ± 0.014^a,^b
Left side	0.247 ± 0.022	0.236 ± 0.024	0.232 ± 0.019	0.240 ± 0.015

Notes:

^a,b,c

Significantly different (a>b>c).

^**,***

Significantly larger than nondominant side by paired t test (**P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001). Right is dominant and left is non-dominant side in all participants.