Figure 3.

(a) Visual representation of between-individual correlations (plotted are the individuals’ average values as deviations from the population mean value) and (b) within-individual correlations (plotted are the observations represented as deviations from individual mean values) between agonistic behaviours observed in wild great tits in Bavaria (Germany). Values were simulated from the correlation matrix estimated from a multi-variate mixed-effect model with random intercepts for individual identity (1–365) and calls, approach distance, occurrence of attack and songs fitted as response variables. We plot here predicted values on their untransformed latent scale.