Table 2.

Survey of AT moment arms reported in the literature

Achilles tendon moment arms
Study	Modality	Method	Subjects	Contraction	Angle (PF)	MA (mm)
Fath et al. (2010)	MRI	COR	7 M, 2 F	Rest	15	55.4
Fath et al. (2010)	US	TE	7 M, 2 F	Rest	15	36.2
Hashizume et al. (2012)	MRI	COR	15 M	Rest	10	53
Hashizume et al. (2012)	MRI	3D FHA	15 M	Rest	10	41.4
Hintermann et al. (1994)	In vitro	TE	8 M, 7 F	N/A	10	∼ 52
Kawakami et al. (2001)	US	TE	6 M	Submax	10	∼ 40
Lee and Piazza (2009)*	US	TE	24 (M + F)	Rest	10 DF – 20 PF	∼ 36
Maganaris et al. (2000)	MRI	COR	6 M	Rest	10	∼ 51
Maganaris et al. (2000)	MRI	COR	6 M	MVC	10	∼ 64
Maganaris et al. (2000)	US	TE	6 M	Rest	10	∼ 53
Maganaris et al. (2000)	US	TE	6 M	MVC	10	∼ 53
Manal (this study)	US	Hybrid	10 M	Rest	10	36.9
Manal (this study)	US	Hybrid	10 M	MVC	10	38.1
Rosager (2002)	US	TE	10 M	Submax	Neutral	∼ 56
Rugg et al. (1990)	MRI	COR	10 M	Submax	10	∼ 57
Sheehan (2012)**	MRI	IHA	19 (M + F)	Submax	10	∼ 53
Spoor et al. (1990)	In vitro	TE	2 M	N/A	10	∼ 51

A reference angle of 10° PF was used whenever possible. The “∼” indicates the moment arm was approximated from a figure in the relevant publication. COR, center of rotation; TE, tendon excursion; FHA, finite helical angle; IHA, instantaneous helical angle.

^*Lee and Piazza reported an average moment arm over the range reported in the table.

^**Unscaled values reported by Sheehan.