Table 4.

Length of Exposure of Cadmium and Epigenetic Outcome

Reference	Length of Exposure	Methylation Event	DNMT Levels
Benbrahim-Tallaa et al., 2007	Long-term (10 wks)	Global Hypermethylation & Gene-specific Hypermethylation	Overexpression of DNMT3b and Increased DNMT Activity
Takiguchi et al., 2003	Long-term (10wks)	Global Hypermethylation	Increased DNMT Activity
Jing et al., 2008	Long-term (2 months)	Global Hypermethylation	Overexpression of DNMT1, DNMT3a/b and Increased DNMT Activity
Inglot et al., 2012	Short-term (72 h)	Global Hypermethylation	N/A
Hossain et al., 2012	Long-term (Lifelong)	Global Hypomethylation	Low expression of DNMT3b
Huang et al., 2008	Short-term (24–48 h)	Global Hypomethylation	N/A
Takiguchi et al., 2003	Short-term (1 wk)	Global Hypomethylation	Decreased DNMT Activity